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Biology B1b keyword list 3.5 Billion How many years ago the first life forms appeared. Acid Rain Consequence of air which has been polluted by sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides. Adaptations Special features of organisms that help them to survive in their particular habitat and way of life. Adult Cell Cloning Technique in which the nucleus of a body cell is transplanted into an egg cell whose own nucleus has been removed. This creates an embryo whose genes are identical to those of the body cell donor. Allele Different versions of a gene- for example the tongue rolling gene has 2: 'roller' and 'non-roller' Asexual Rapid type of reproduction where only one parent is involved, which passes on all of its genes to the offpsring. These are therefore CLONES of each other and of the parent. Biodiversity A measure of how much richness of life there is in an ecosystem. Some of the species may have potential uses as building materials, textiles or medicines. Body Cell Cells other than gametes. They contain 2 copies of each chromosome (and therefore of each gene). Chromosome Long thread-like structure found in the nucleus. Made of DNA wrapped around proteins, they carry hundreds of genes spaced out along their length. Climate Change A probable consequence of the greenhouse effect. May lead to sea levels rising. Competition This occurs when organisms of the same or different species all try to access the same limited resource. Cuttings Technique for producing small numbers of plant clones by cutting off a sideshoot and dipping it in hormones to stimulate roots to form at the cut end. Darwin The founder of the theory of Natural Selection Deforestation Causes habitat loss and increase in atmospheric CO2 levels due to reduced photosynthesis and burning/decay of the cut-down plant material. DNA ligase Enzyme which 'pastes' fragments of DNA back together. Embryo Transplants Method of cloning animals by splitting embryos into several parts and reimplanting them into surrogate mothers. The offspring are identical to each other, but NOT to either parent. Extinction When all members of a species die out, which may be due to changes in environment, new predators, new diseases or new competitors. Fossil Impression of dead animal or plant left behind in rocks, which can provide evidence about evolutionary histories. Gamete Sex cell, e.g. sperm, egg, pollen, ovum. They contain only one copy of each chromosome (and therefore of each gene.) Gene A length of DNA which tells the cell how to make one particular protein Genetic Engineering The process of transferring individual genes from one organism to another, which may be of a different species. Greenhouse Effect Where the Earth's surface temperature is warmer than expected because of gases in the atmosphere reflecting heat back down to the surface rather than letting it escape into space. Habitat The place where an organism lives Habitat Destruction Humans reduce the amountof land available for other species by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste. Herbivore Animal which eats only plant material Indicator Species An organism which is sensitive to pollution, so can be used to estimate pollution levels in different areas. Lamarck Proposed a theory to explain evolution which depended on organisms passing on characteristics they had acquired during their lifetimes. Lichen Small organism, consisting of an alga and a fungus working together. They are good indicators of air pollution. Methane A gas produced by cattle and paddy fields of rice, which causes the greenhouse effect more strongly than carbon dioxide. Mutation A random change in the base sequence of a gene which may lead to harmful or beneficial effects on the organism which carries it. These are essential as sources of variation which can then allow evolution. Natural Selection A process which leads to evolution because not all members of a population are equally likely to pass on their genes to each new generation. Pollution The release of harmful materials into the environment. Predator Animal which is carnivorous, i.e. it eats other animals Prey An animal eaten by a predator Restriction Enzymes Type of enzyme which allows you to cut DNA for genetic engineering purposes. Sexual Type of reproduction which involves male and female parents producing gametes. Because it involves bringing together new combinations of genes, it leads to variation. Sustainable Development which allows us to improve the quality of life for people without causing problems for future generations. Tissue Culture Technique for producing huge numbers of plant clones from a single parent by taking tiny fragments and growing them in laboratory conditions.