Download What is Learning? - APUSH-HBHS

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Key Questions
What sort of learning does Classical
Conditioning explain?
How do we learn new behaviors by operant
conditioning?
How does cognitive psychology explain
learning?
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… a process through which experience
produces a lasting change in behavior or
mental processes.
◦ Lasting Change
 Not Reflexes: An action that is performed involuntary
or automatic as a response to a stimulus.
◦ Behavior and mental processes
 Behavior: The way one acts in response to stimulus
 Mental Processes: the things we do with our mind
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Empirical and Measureable Evidence
Behaviorists Belief
Cognitive Psychologists Belief
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Instincts: An ability to behave in a certain way
coupled with a tendency to behave that way
at appropriate times.
Fight-or-flight
Nursing
Eating; drinking
Seeking better resources
Blink, flinch
Display emptions
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Habituation
◦ Not responding to stimuli
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Mere exposure effect
◦ Attraction to stimuli previously experienced
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Sensitization
◦ Becoming sensitive to emotional events or
situations
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Behavioral Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Learning
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Research
Propose- due tomorrow 4/18
Lab Report- due Tuesday 4/23
Present- due Tuesday 4/23 (3 minutes)
Classical Conditioning
 Neutral Stimulus
 Unconditioned
Stimulus
 Unconditioned
Response
 Acquisition
 Conditioned Stimulus
 Conditioned Response
Operant Conditioning
 Positive Reinforcement
 Negative
Reinforcement
 Extinction
 Punishment
 Variable Ratio Schedule
 Fixed Interval Schedule
 Fixed Ratio Schedule
 Variable Interval
Schedule
What sort of learning does Classical
Conditioning explain?
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Russian Physiologist studying digestion
Dogs: salivating before eating
Classical Conditioning: a basic form of
learning in which a stimulus that produces an
innate reflex becomes associated with a
previously neutral stimulus, which then
acquires the power to elicit essentially the
same response.
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Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus ● UCS
Unconditioned Response ● UCR
Acquisition
Conditioned Stimulus ●CS
Conditioned Response ● CR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io
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Extinction: Conditioned responses fade
Spontaneous Recovery: Conditioned
responses may reappear
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Generalization: Bit by one dog but afraid of
all dogs
Discrimination: Not all bells cause salivation
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John Watson School of Behaviorism
Little Albert
 White rat (NS)+ loud noise (Aversive UCS)
= fear of white rat (CR)
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Generalized fear of other furry objects
http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/watson-and-littlealbert.html
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Mary Cover Jones
Peter-fear of white rats
“Degrees of Toleration”
Extinction + learning relaxation to CS =
relaxed response to CS
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Learning in which a stimulus that produces an
innate reflex becomes associated with a
previously neutral stimulus, which then elicits
essentially the same response.
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Answer the following question on paper and
turn in it to the box by the door as you leave.
 What
sort of learning
does Classical
Conditioning explain?
How do we learn new behaviors by operant
conditioning?
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Psychologist Radical Behaviorist
Consequences change behavior
Remove subjectivity – only observable data
Operant Conditioning is a form of learning
where the consequences of behavior, such as
rewards and punishments, influence the
chance that the behavior will occur again.
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Reinforcer: Reward-a condition that
strengthens a response
Positive Reinforcement: A condition that
encourages a response by giving a incentive
Negative Reinforcement: A condition that
encourages a response by removing an
aversion
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Continuous Reinforcement
◦ The best strategy for teaching and learning new
behavior
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Intermittent Reinforcement
◦ The most efficient way to maintain behaviors
already learned
◦ Resistance to Extinction
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Ratio Schedules: Reward given
based on numbers of
responses
◦ Fixed Ratio: number of responses
for reward remains constant
◦ Variable Ratio: number of
responses for reward varies
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Interval Schedules: Reward is
based on responses made in
side a time period
◦ Fixed Interval: Time period between
rewards remains constant
◦ Variable Interval: Time period
between rewards varies
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Shaping: Teaching a
new behavior by
reinforcing
responses that are
similar to the
desired response
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v
GazyH6fQQ4&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtoH
5tlr-bI
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Positive Punishment: Application of aversive
stimulus
Negative Punishment: Removal of reinforcer
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What is something you have learned that was
the result of positive or negative
reinforcement?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guroaQRF
sX4
How does cognitive psychology explain
learning?
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The Core Concept of Cognitive Psychology is
that some forms of learning must be
explained as changes in mental processes
rather than as changes in behavior alone.
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Wolfgang Köhler German Psychologist
Marooned in the Canary Islands WWI
Köhler: Thinking/Accessing memory essential
components to learning
Sudden perception of familiar objects in new
forms or relationships
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcBGAWN
CipI
Can you see any plausible explanation
for the chimps learning to get the fruit
using Classical or Operant
conditioning?
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Edward Tolman
Learning resulted from bits of knowledge and
thoughts about the environment and how an
organism relates to it
Mental Images = Cognitive Maps
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Albert Bandura (Social Learning)
Rewards can be effective at motivating a
response even if we see others get them
BoBo doll experiment
Watching violent behavior influenced
observer to act aggressively
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRj
p8
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Group 1
◦ BAT
◦ LEMON
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Group 2
◦ WHIRL
◦ SLAPSTICK
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Martin Seligman
Results from experiencing uncontrollable
events that cause an individual to expect
future lack of control
Decreased motivation,
failure to learn, sadness,
anxiety, frustration
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Hidden learning that occurs without
reinforcement, becoming apparent only
when a reward is introduced.
Group A-Always rewarded
Group B- Never rewarded
Group C-Rewarded later
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You recall information easily when you are in
the same physiological or emotional state or
setting you were when you originally encoded
the information.
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Internal desires to
engage in a task;
actions that promote
happiness, develop
a skill, or is just the
right thing to do
(moral)
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Factors outside of
the individual and
the task itself;
Earning money,
grades, other
rewards
With a partner discuss…
In general, are people you know more driven by intrinsic or extrinsic motivatio
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
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Maslow’s Pyramid
Deficiency and Growth Needs
Think of a time during your school career when
you were able to learn the subject you were
studying very easily.
What do you think the reasons were that you
were able to learn the subject so easily?
Is it easier to work on and finish jobs that you
are interested in?