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Transcript
UNIT 1 BIOCHEMISTRY UA What is Biology? Bio = life ology = the science of Biology = the science of life! What is “life” made of? All living things need 6 essential elements: CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur Life is organic All life is organic (contains BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen) NaCl Biotic vs. abiotic Abiotic: non-living Soil Rocks Sunlight Water Biotic: living Animals Plants Bacteria Fungi Protists Biological molecules (macromolecules) Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic acid Macromolecule structure All macromolecules are BIG! Made of small pieces or subunits called monomers. monomer Many put together = polymer. monomer monomer monomer monomer Carbohydrates – sugars! Composed of: CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio Monomer: monosaccharide (mono means one) 2 = disaccharide 3 or more = polysaccharide Function: Immediate energy, cell structure Examples: glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch, cellulose. How to identify: Looks like a ring Carbohydrates – sugars! disaccharide monosaccharide polysaccharide cellulose fibers in plant cell wall H bond 20 Lipids – fats! Composed of: CHO Monomer: glycerol and three fatty acids Function: Long term energy storage Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids How to identify: long chains of carbon and hydrogen (can have rings too). H3C CH3 CH3 HO Cholesterol (a steroid) CH3 CH3 Lipids – fats! Saturated fats: Come from animals. No double bonds between carbons. Difficult to break down. Unsaturated fats: Come from plants. Double bonds between carbons. Easier to break down. Trans fatty acids have been artificially hydrogenated to make them more solid. Phospholipids R polar head O phosphate group O– P O Phospholipids make up the cell membrane. Polar (charged) head likes water (hydrophilic). H HCH HC CH O C nonpolar tails O O C O HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HC HCH Non-polar (uncharged) tail hates water (hydrophobic) glycerol HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH H fatty acids HC inside of cell HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH H Phospholipid structure outside of cell Plasma membrane of a cell Nucleic Acids Composed of: CHONP Monomer: nucleotide Function: store and pass genetic information Examples: DNA and RNA How to identify: A nucleotide has 3 parts! Proteins Composed of: CHON Monomer: amino acid R-group makes them unique Function: make cell parts and carry out chemical reactions Examples: enzymes, hemoglobin, melanin, keratin, insulin How to identify: each amino acid has a N! Proteins Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold up into a specific shape. Shape Amino acids determines function! Enzymes (special proteins) Enzymes make reactions go faster! Catalyst Lower – substance that speeds up a reaction. activation energy – energy required to cause a reaction. Enzymes (special proteins) Enzymes can synthesize or breakdown molecules. Important terms: substrate, product, enzyme-substrate complex, active site products active site enzyme substrate Enzyme-substrate complex enzyme Enzymes (special proteins) Example: Catalase in liver. Catalase breaks down harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen! H2O and O2 active site Catalase Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Enzyme-substrate complex Catalase Enzymes (special proteins) Characteristics of enzymes: Specific substrate Specific temperature If they are heated too much they unfold = denature! Specific pH Specific shape Reusable pH Water can separate to make ions. hydrochloric acid (HCI) 0 H 2O H OH Water Hydrogen ion lemon juice 2 Coca-Cola, beer, vinegar 3 [H+] Hydroxide ion Acid Increasing [H+] stomach acid 1 tomatoes 4 black coffee normal rainwater urine saliva pure water, tears human blood seawater 5 6 7 neutral pH [H+] = [OH–] 8 baking soda, stomach antacids 9 Acid oven cleaner 13 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 14 Buffer: Keeps pH stable (we have a buffer in our blood). Base Base bicarbonate of soda 12 [OH–] Increasing [OH–] Great Salt Lake 10 milk of magnesia household ammonia 11