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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece
18
Genomes and
Their Evolution
Questions prepared by
Brad Stith, University of Colorado Denver
Jung Choi, Georgia Institute of Technology
Louise Paquin, McDaniel College
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of these criteria have been used in selecting
species whose genomes have been sequenced?
A. The species should be relevant for human health or
well-being.
B. The species should have a relatively small
genome.
C. The species should have an important
ecological role.
D. The species may yield key evolutionary insights.
E. all of the above
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of these criteria have been used in selecting
species whose genomes have been sequenced?
A. The species should be relevant for human health or
well-being.
B. The species should have a relatively small
genome.
C. The species should have an important
ecological role.
D. The species may yield key evolutionary insights.
E. all of the above
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represent the shotgun
approach to gene sequencing? (Choose more than
one answer.)
A. Sequence fragments of DNA.
B. Purify mRNA; make DNA.
C. Use a computer to align the overlap regions
of DNA fragments.
D. Combine DNA fragments with DNA ligase.
E. Use a computer to clone genes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represent the shotgun
approach to gene sequencing? (Choose more than
one answer.)
A. Sequence fragments of DNA.
B. Purify mRNA; make DNA.
C. Use a computer to align the overlap regions
of DNA fragments.
D. Combine DNA fragments with DNA ligase.
E. Use a computer to clone genes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is the known upper and lower
size limits of genomes?
A. 1–2900 Mb
B. 1500–40,000 Mb
C. 100–580,000 Mb
D. 1–120,000 Mb
E. 100–200,000 Mb
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is the known upper and lower
size limits of genomes?
A. 1–2900 Mb
B. 1500–40,000 Mb
C. 100–580,000 Mb
D. 1–120,000 Mb
E. 100–200,000 Mb
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Proteins are made up of domains that are associated with a
certain function. Different proteins have similar domains. If I have
a partial nucleotide sequence for a domain in my unknown
protein, I can use this to search for similar known sequences.
Which of the following could help me guess the function of my
unknown protein?
A. Compare the unknown protein amino acid sequence with
known amino acid sequences.
B. View all three-dimensional shapes of known proteins, looking
for a similarity.
C. Use a computer program for comparing primers for PCR.
D. Use a computer program to predict the amino acid
sequence.
E. Use BLAST to compare the unknown sequence to
known sequences.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Proteins are made up of domains that are associated with a
certain function. Different proteins have similar domains. If I have
a partial nucleotide sequence for a domain in my unknown
protein, I can use this to search for similar known sequences.
Which of the following could help me guess the function of my
unknown protein?
A. Compare the unknown protein amino acid sequence with
known amino acid sequences.
B. View all three-dimensional shapes of known proteins, looking
for a similarity.
C. Use a computer program for comparing primers for PCR.
D. Use a computer program to predict the amino acid
sequence.
E. Use BLAST to compare the unknown sequence to known
sequences.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Given the high degree of sequence similarity between the
human and chimpanzee genomes, what might be the most
important factor that drove hominid evolution in the past 6
million years?
A. small changes in proteins that affect their function or
activity in important ways
B. changes in regulatory sequences that affect the timing
and level of expression of genes
C. evolution of a few novel protein-coding genes that play
key roles in neural development
D. gene duplication events that selectively expanded a set
of genes favoring development of human traits
E. all of the above
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Given the high degree of sequence similarity between the
human and chimpanzee genomes, what might be the most
important factor that drove hominid evolution in the past 6
million years?
A. small changes in proteins that affect their function or
activity in important ways
B. changes in regulatory sequences that affect the timing
and level of expression of genes
C. evolution of a few novel protein-coding genes that play
key roles in neural development
D. gene duplication events that selectively expanded a set
of genes favoring development of human traits
E. all of the above
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What experimental technique could be used to test
the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees have
significantly different patterns of gene expression?
A. comparison of promoter DNA sequences
B. hybridization of RNA from various human
and chimpanzee tissues to a DNA microarray
containing all 21,000 human genes
C. analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs) in human and chimpanzee populations
D. comparison of human disease alleles to
chimpanzee homologs
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What experimental technique could be used to test
the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees have
significantly different patterns of gene expression?
A. comparison of promoter DNA sequences
B. hybridization of RNA from various human
and chimpanzee tissues to a DNA microarray
containing all 21,000 human genes
C. analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs) in human and chimpanzee populations
D. comparison of human disease alleles to
chimpanzee homologs
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
True or false? Most of the human genome
sequence is made up of exons from different genes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Most of the human genome is made up of
A. introns.
B. repeats of DNA sections (e.g., Alu).
C. nonrepeated noncoding DNA.
D. promoters and regulatory sequences such as
enhancers.
E. repeats of DNA that does not jump to different
chromosome locations.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Most of the human genome is made up of
A. introns.
B. repeats of DNA sections (e.g., Alu).
C. nonrepeated noncoding DNA.
D. promoters and regulatory sequences such as
enhancers.
E. repeats of DNA that does not jump to different
chromosome locations.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Many pseudogenes (which no longer produce functional
proteins) in vertebrate genomes lack introns. What
process may account for such pseudogenes? Remember
mRNA processing.
A. gene duplication followed by DNA splicing to remove
introns
B. recombination between duplicated copies of genes
C. reverse transcription of a processed mRNA and
insertion of the cDNA copy to a new chromosomal
location
D. duplication events that involve just the exons
E. unequal crossing over between duplicated copies of
genes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Many pseudogenes (which no longer produce functional
proteins) in vertebrate genomes lack introns. What
process may account for such pseudogenes? Remember
mRNA processing.
A. gene duplication followed by DNA splicing to remove
introns
B. recombination between duplicated copies of genes
C. reverse transcription of a processed mRNA and
insertion of the cDNA copy to a new chromosomal
location
D. duplication events that involve just the exons
E. unequal crossing over between duplicated copies of
genes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The human genome has about 7,000 Alu elements not
found in chimpanzees, whereas the chimpanzee genome
has about 2,300 Alu elements not found in humans. How
might the Alu elements influence human evolution?
A. They may affect levels of expression of adjacent genes.
B. They may create new alternative splicing variants of a
protein.
C. They may promote recombination events that induce
chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, and
duplications.
D. all of the above
E. none of the above: Alu elements are “junk” DNA
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The human genome has about 7,000 Alu elements not
found in chimpanzees, whereas the chimpanzee genome
has about 2,300 Alu elements not found in humans. How
might the Alu elements influence human evolution?
A. They may affect levels of expression of adjacent genes.
B. They may create new alternative splicing variants of a
protein.
C. They may promote recombination events that induce
chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, and
duplications.
D. all of the above
E. none of the above: Alu elements are “junk” DNA
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.