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Transcript
Are you healthy? What are humans supposed to eat? What is a “Diet”? Government suggested Diet Figure 23.3 Three stages of metabolism of energy-containing nutrients. Stage 1 Digestion in GI tract lumen to absorbable forms. Transport via blood to tissue cells. PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES Glucose and other sugars Amino acids Stage 2 Anabolism (incorporation into molecules) and catabolism of nutrients to form intermediates within tissue cells. Infrequent Stage 3 Oxidative breakdown of stage 2 products occurs in mitochondria of tissue cells. CO2 is liberated, and H atoms removed are ultimately delivered to molecular oxygen, forming water. Some energy released is used to form ATP. Catabolic reactions Anabolic reactions © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Glucose Glycolysis Proteins FATS Glycerol Glycogen Pyruvic acid Acetyl CoA Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation (in electron transport chain) Fatty acids Fats C6H12O6 represents glucose, galactose, fructose Figure 22.35 Absorption of monosaccharides. 2 As Na+ moves across the Glucose Galactose + Na -glucose membrane through a membrane symport cotransporter protein (in this Fructose transporter case SGLT), it drives glucose Na+ against its concentration Facilitated gradient into the cells. diffusion transporter Brush border of intestinal cell 1 The Na+-K+ pump stores energy that drives glucose (and galactose) uptake by creating a steep concentration gradient for Na+ entry into intestinal cells. 3 Fructose enters the cell by facilitated diffusion. Na+ 4 All three monosaccharides exit across the basolateral membrane via facilitated diffusion on the GLUT2 sugar transporter. Na+ Na+-K+ pump GLUT2 Na+ K+ Capillary © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.17 Interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Proteins Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Triglycerides (neutral fats) Glycogen Glucose Amino acids Glucose-6-phosphate Keto acids Glycerol and fatty acids Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Acetyl CoA Ketone bodies Urea Excreted in urine © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Krebs cycle Mono Unsaturated Fats Omega-6 Poly Unsaturated Fats Omega-3 Poly Unsaturated Fats Avocado Oil Soybean Oil Cold Water Fish Olive Oil Corn Oil Flax Seed Oil Consequences of protein deficiency? Figure 23.17 Interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Proteins Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Triglycerides (neutral fats) Glycogen Glucose Amino acids Glucose-6-phosphate Keto acids Glycerol and fatty acids Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Acetyl CoA Ketone bodies Urea Excreted in urine © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Krebs cycle Figure 23.17 Interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Proteins Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Triglycerides (neutral fats) Glycogen Glucose Amino acids Glucose-6-phosphate Keto acids Glycerol and fatty acids Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Acetyl CoA Ketone bodies Urea Excreted in urine © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Krebs cycle Figure 22.33 Protein digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Lumen of intestine Amino acids of protein fragments Pancreatic proteases Brush border enzymes Na+ Na+ Absorptive epithelial cell Amino acid carrier Capillary © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Apical membrane (microvilli) 1 Proteins and protein fragments are digested to amino acids by pancreatic proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxy- peptidase), and by brush border enzymes (carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase) of mucosal cells. 2 The amino acids are then absorbed by active transport into the absorptive cells, and move to their opposite side. 3 The amino acids leave the villus epithelial cell by facilitated diffusion and enter the capillary via intercellular clefts. Figure 23.7 Simplified version of the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Carbon atom Inorganic phosphate Coenzyme A Cytosol Pyruvic acid from glycolysis Transitional phase Mitochondrion (matrix) Oxaloacetic acid Citric acid (initial reactant) (pickup molecule) Isocitric acid Malic acid Krebs cycle Fumaric acid Succinic acid © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. α-Ketoglutaric acid Succinyl-CoA Radical Oxygen (oxidants)!
