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Who Stole Our CHNOPS????? Cliff arrived early because it was HIS turn to prep the mascot, CHNOPS. The poor thing had been in storage a while, and was no doubt looking kind of ratty. Nevertheless, it WAS the band mascot; so a little spring-cleaning was in order. CHNOPS was one-of-a-kind sort of special. He was plump, not hairy at all, with four long legs, a long nose, freckles, a short tail, orange spotted skin sort of special. And because of all that specialness, CHNOPS was locked safely in the double-secret storage cage behind the tubas. In a special box. Cliff had to practically sign away his first-born, which he did not have, in order to just get the key. He practiced a cool beat-boxing riff he got from watching Felix Zenger, the beatboxer, on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yy2UfR1crwA while he twisted the key in the lock, slid the door open, and gasped. The gasp was pretty good. It was a bass and had a nice snare quality to it. Cliff turned on the light switch and gasped for real this time. The special box, the CHNOPS’s home, was carelessly tossed into a corner and there was no sign of him. Lost, so very lost! Cliff did the only thing he could think of in times of stress…he called Zelda for help. She answered on the first ring. “Speak to me.” C: “Uh, Zelda, I have a situation down here in the storage area. Could you come down and sort of help?” Z: “Be right there.” Zelda raced off from helping the freshman collecting money at the fundraising car wash and arrived at ‘The Cage’ moments later. C: “Zelda. Thanks for coming so quickly. I thought I could use a little help with my ah, problem here. He’s missing.” Z: “He? He who?” C: “Well, you know, CHNOPS.” Z: “Oh my gosh. Not CHNOPS!” C: “Yes, he’s gone. I’ll never be able to hold my head up again. I’ve lost CHNOPS!” Z: “Look, Clifford (Zelda ALWAYS called him by his full name), there’s some big footprints. And gasp, a ransom note telling what they want in order to return CHNOPS. “ C: “Now I know I’m a’goner. How much is it for? Maybe I can make payments that will coincide with my summer lawn care income.” Z: “Sorry buddy, don’t think that’s happenin’. It’s for all your money.” C: “Alas, poor CHNOPS, I knew him well.” Z: “Hey, that’s from Shakespeare, well almost. I really think you mean, ‘Alas poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio.’ Here’s a Youtube of Kenneth Branagh doing Hamlet and praising Yorick…https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXixlEy5Gfc.” C: “I think I’m going to be in the same shape as Yorick if I don’t find the CHNOPS. Look heresome footprints that are really hefty. I’ll bet they came from CHNOPS. He has pretty long legs and quite a rotund, or round, body. But I don’t see any other prints. I wonder what happened. And the abductor wants tons of money for CHNOPS’ safe return. What can I do? What if CHNOPS gets hurt? What if…I sound CHNOPS Page 2 like you Zelda! No offense, but you are always wondering, ‘what if…’ I’m scared, Zelda.” Footprints: Ransom Note: Musical Notes: Z: “We have to notify the authorities, get together a complete description of CHNOPS, a recent photo, and make posters to post. You call the police, I’ll notify the school authorities since the theft took place on school property. We’ll get the Band Historian, Fawn, to get a good picture of CHNOPS for the poster. Let’s meet back here in ½ hour.” LATER… C: “I notified, I flustered about, and I answered questions from the police. Do we have the poster ready yet? If we do, I can start putting them up all over the school and the neighborhood.” “Okay, what do we know about him? “ Z: His DNA is a double helix, coiled like a spring to save space. DNA is in every cells’ nucleus. DNA nucleotides are a phosphate, sugar, and base. The bases pairs are bonded in complementary (opposites) pairs because of their shapes: A-T, C-G. The sugar: de (without) oxy (Oxygen), ribose (the type of sugar). The phosphates and sugars never change, but the bases can be arranged in an infinite variety. In order for him to grow, his DNA went through replication when new copies of DNA were made from the original template. CHNOPS Page 3 Using enzymes, the DNA base pair Hydrogen bonds break and the DNA splits apart. This looks like a fork, so it is called the replication fork. It is at this location that the new DNA nucleotides bond to their complementary bases. The result will be two complete double helix structures instead of one. Each one will have an original, and a new strand See?----------------------------------- STOP: Do # 3, 8, 13, 20, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50. C: “Oooooooo, good start. But I don’t think that’s quite what is going to be helpful in finding CHNOPS. I mean, I can’t SEE any of that.” Z: “You’re right. We need to move on past replication and go right to protein synthesis, or making proteins. Come on Clifford, kick in some facts here.” C: “Well I know that: A chromatid and a chromatid make a chromosome. Chromosomes carry genes. One gene codes for one protein. One protein is made up of many amino acids. Amino acids come from our food, which gets broken down during metabolism. There are twenty essential amino acids needed for life functions. STOP!! Do # 4, 16, 22, 25, 26, 40, 42. AND… In order for the correct proteins to be made, there are two steps that are followed in protein synthesis, the making of proteins: transcription and translation. CHNOPS Page 4 Transcription: Making mRNA The Whole Enchilada At the gene location, using enzymes, the DNA base pair Hydrogen bonds break and the DNA splits apart. Nucleotides of mRNA are bonded to a single DNA strand (the sense strand). The mRNA is the messenger that carries the code for the arrangement of amino acids from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Messenger RNA is single stranded and has the base Uracil instead of Thymine. Enchilada, yum. Here are the human chromosomes. Notice that there are dark bands on each of them. Each of these bands will code for specific proteins. It’s the arrangement of bases that make an infinite number of different proteins that gives such variety to all living things. Chromosomes and their Genes STOP!! Do # 1, 7, 21, 41, 44, 46, 49. Translation: Making Proteins C: “Ok, now I think we’re finally getting somewhere. I just don’t know where yet.” Z: “Oh, I think I know where this is going, and we’re getting there pretty fast. Look at The Whole Enchilada figure again. See that we really have only explained the stuff that’s happening in the nucleus so far. But the location of actually making proteins, which will be our characteristics or traits, takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes. Ready, set, go for the gold and CHNOPS’ description based on his DNA which codes for his proteins, which gives him his physical appearance!” CHNOPS Page 5 As soon as the mRNA is made from the sense strand of DNA, it detaches and exits the nucleus through the small pores in the nuclear membrane. mRNA then goes to the cytoplasm, the jelly-like substance that helps to hold the cell organelles in place. The ribosomes are in the cytoplasm. Sometimes the ribosomes are attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum, which gives it a rough appearance. Therefore, it’s called the rough ER. The ribosomes act as a factory line, where the mRNA is like a conveyor belt, taking the base through, three at a time. The three bases are a codon and will code for one amino acid. The codon AUG has special significance because it tells the ribosome that it should start assembling the amino acids. It codes for the amino acid Methionine, or Met. It is called the ‘Start’ codon. So all proteins have Met as their first amino acid. Notice that we only use the first three letters of the amino acids. Look at the amino acid chart and find the amino acids for the next three codons: CGA, UAU, GGC. Write the three amino acids (using only the first three letters) under your name on the answer sheet. mRNA Amino Acid Chart As the mRNA travels through the ribosomes, the transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the correct amino acids, which then bonds to the previous amino acid, forming a chain. The tRNA has a specific shape that only fits one specific amino acid. CHNOPS Page 6 On the other end of the tRNA, are three bases. These are the anti codons, which will be the complementary bases to the mRNA’s codon bases. As the amino acids detach from the tRNA, they bond with the amino acid next to it with a special bond called a peptide bond. Many, many amino acids are needed for a protein, therefore, many peptide bonds are needed. What is the prefix that means ‘many’? Right! Poly. Therefore, polypeptide bonds hold all of the amino acids together in the growing protein. The mRNA carries a STOP signal that ends the growing chain of amino acids. The amino acids then detach and is called the chain, which is its primary structure. The chain then folds like pleats, which is the secondary structure. The pleats the twist and is the tertiary structure. The twist then twists again and is the quaternary structure. This is the functional form (that means that is has to be this particular shape) in order to work. Here’s the dance from the 60’s called Twist. It was known for creating severe back injuries, and making people look really, really silly while pretending to enjoy themselves. Here’s the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iS0wuN_6wyw. STOP!! Do # 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, 36, 40. C: Now I think I see where you are going. The DNA bases, mRNA codons, tRNA anticodons, and the amino acids go into making all of CHNOPS’ traits? Wow. Well, on his bio sheet for the police, we can list the traits now. They are: hairless, plump, four-legged, long nose, freckles, orange skin, long legs, short tail, and spots. Oh, and he likes pizza. I’ll get the info, wait. What’s in the window? It’s CHNOPS! He got away from his abductor and came home to us! Welcome back, little buddy! ” CHNOPS: I’m sorry. I was foolish. I didn’t think I was needed anymore since I was in the supply room for so long and no one brought me pizza. I think I sort of staged my own kidnapping just because I wanted to feel needed again. But as soon as you got my ransom note, I couldn’t believe how everyone pitched in and tried to help find me. Now I feel terrible!” CHNOPS Page 7 C and Z: “Oh, we’re just so happy to have you home to be our mascot. Band wouldn’t be band without our CHNOPS.” Bio page for Clifford: Clifford has been with the band since middle school when he helped carry the banner (he was too young to play his instrument at the time). Clifford is 6’2”, has a unibrow, hitchhiker’s thumb, widow’s peak, wavy dark brown hair, and hazel eyes. He can make his tongue into a clover-leaf, which is in itself pretty amazing. Clifford loves to practice with the band. His favorite instruments are the symbols and the glockenspiel. Glockenspiel Cat Who USED to Be Mascot STOP!! Do #17, 37. Clover-Leaf Tongue Symbols Widow’s Peak Who Stole Our CHNOPS Bgram Questions 1. Carries amino acid sequence message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 2. The second step in protein synthesis in which the amino acids are brought to the ribosomes and bonded together to form the protein. 3. A demand for money in return for CHNOPS. 4. These molecules come from your food. They get transferred by the tRNA to the ribosomes to be bonded together in long chains to form proteins. 5. Hamburger buns without sesame seeds. Site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. 6. This molecule moves the amino acids to the ribosomes. 7. The first step in protein synthesis in which the mRNA is made from the template of DNA. 8. The name of the mascot. Also refers to the elements in proteins: Carbon Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur. 9. The special type of bond that holds many amino acids together to form the protein. Very enthusiastic people, effect of moon on ocean. 10. The series of bases on the tRNA that are complementary to mRNA. 11. The jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place. Also location of tons of ribosomes, nucleus, ER, Golgi, etc. 12. Signals the beginning of protein synthesis. There is only one of these. 13. This is what happens to the weak Hydrogen bonds. 14. The primary structure of a protein. Long strand of amino acids in a row. 15. This signals the end of protein synthesis. There are three of them. 16. The number of essential amino acids that originate in your food. Will be reassembled to form proteins. 17. The instrument that Clifford likes to play that looks a little like a xylophone. 18. This particular characteristic influences the function of molecules. 19. Small openings in the nuclear membrane (through which mRNA fits). 20. The process of DNA making a copy of itself in order to replace worn out cells or to grow. 21. The single DNA strand that actually gets copied onto mRNA. The other strand does not get copied. 22. The two arms of Phosphate, sugars, and bases, which carry genes. 23. The term meaning: Having one less oxygen on its sugar, found in the nucleus, low on the pH scale. 24. A subunit of DNA consisting of a Phosphate sugar, and base. 25. This macromolecule codes for one trait. 26. The macromolecule of which your body is made up of. 27. In protein synthesis, the secondary structure of a protein is this. 28. The organelle to which ribosomes attach in the cytoplasm. Provides additional surface area for processes to occur. Because ribosomes attach, it has a certain kind of appearance. 29. A group of three mRNA bases, ‘read’ as a group. Codes for an amino acid as part of the protein synthesis process. 30. The final form of the protein; also called quaternary structure. 31. The sweet part of a nucleotide that does not change. 32. The opposite. NOT: Ohhhhhhhh, you look good tonight! 33. One of the nucleotide components of the upright. Does not change. 34. The shape of the DNA indicating the number of strands. Sometimes called a twisted staircase in this shape. 35. The organelle enclosed in a membrane that houses rRNA, DNA, and where mRNA is made. 36. The final protein shape. 37. Kind of scary hairline that comes to a point between your eyes. 38. The active area when DNA has split, and new DNA nucleotides are coming to bond. 39. There are four of these in DNA, A-T, C-G. 40. The process of breaking down your sugar to release open. 41. The process of making proteins. 42. One ‘arm’ of a chromosome. 43. Means to be used as a pattern. 44. The base that replaces ‘T’ in mRNA and tRNA. 45. The element that has one more of itself in the sugars of RNA than DNA. 46. DNA is double stranded and mRNA is _______ ________. 47. Meaning ‘without’, or ‘less’. 48. Shape that is spring-like. 49. The reason that the four bases create such variety in living things. 50. The RNA sugar. CHNOPS Bgram Answers ______Score Name_______________________________ Four amino acids: ________ ________ Message: ______________________ _____________________ ________ ____ _______________ __________________________ _____ ________ ________ _____________________ _________________________________ ____________________________ . 1. ___ ___ ___ ___ 2. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 3. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 4. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 5. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 6. ___ ___ ___ ___ 7. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 8. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 9. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 10. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 11. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 12. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ CHNOPS Name ____________________________ Page 2 13. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 14. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 15. ___ ___ ___ ___ 16. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 17. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 18. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 19. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 20. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 21. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 22. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 23. ___ ___ ___ 24. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 25. ___ ___ ___ ___ 26. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 27. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ CHNOPS 28. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Name___________________________ Page 3 ___ ___ 29. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 30. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 31. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 32. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 33. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 34. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 35. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 36. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 37. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 38. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 39. ___ ___ ___ ___ 40. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 41. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 42. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ CHNOPS Name __________________________ Page 4 43. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 44. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 45. ___ ___ ___ 46. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 47. ___ ___ 48. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 49. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 50. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___