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COPYRIGHT NOTICE According to Michigan State University guidelines, the images contained in this PowerPoint file: 1) are solely for the personal learning of currently registered Michigan State University students duly enrolled in PSL 536, Medical Cell Biology and Physiology 2) are protected by U.S. copyright laws through their respective publishers indicated below. 3) in part or in whole, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, except for individual personal reference. 4) may not be utilized by any information storage and retrieval system, incorporated into a scribe service or otherwise made public. Thank you for your cooperation. PSL 536 Faculty Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine and Human Medicine unless otherwise noted, figures, tables or schematics are taken from: AB: Abbas & Lichtman, Basic Immunology, 3/e, 2009, Elsevier L: Langman's Medical Embryology, 11/e, 2010, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins M: Moore & Dalley, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 6/e, 2010: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins MT: Martini & Timmon, Human Anatomy 5/e, 2006, Pearson G: Gilroy, Atlas of Anatomy, 1/e, 2008, Theime N: Netter, Atlas of Human Anatomy 5/e, 2011: Elsevier R: Ross, Histology, 5/e, 2006: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins RB: Rhoades & Bell, Medical Physiology, 3/e, 2009: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 1 Brief Introduction The organs and tissues of the lymphatic system make it possible for the body to monitor and protect itself from xenogenic (foreign, non-self) invaders and other antigenic challenges regardless of route of entry. The THYMUS produces mature, immunocompetent, yet naive, T lymphocytes and destroys a subset of these T lymphocytes which would otherwise maladaptively react to self antigens. LYMPH NODES monitor and filter lymph fluid for foreign invaders, the SPLEEN monitors and filters blood, and the MUCOSAL ASSOCIATED lymphatic TISSUE (MALT) guards against pathogens which attempt to cross the mucosal boundaries of the digestive, respiratory, or urogenital tracts. These geographically and histologically diverse tissues and organs actually have several structural features in common that promote monitoring and interactions among immune system cells and foreign invaders. Most lymphatic system organs or tissues have a reticular 'chicken-wire' ultrastructure to promote easy movement of body fluids, cells, antigens, and hence intercellular interactions. The lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT contain specific tissues regions in which B and T lymphocytes congregate. As you will learn in immunology, this is ultimately related to adaptive and innate immune system responses. Lymphocytes recirculate throughout the lymphatic tissues and organ and the method of recirculation in lymph nodes and MALT requires specialized blood vessels called high endothelial vessels (HEVs). HEVs regulate the egress of lymphocytes from the blood vascular network into the parenchyma of these lymphatic structures. The bulk movement of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissues is an important aspect of immune system function and will be discussed for each lymphatic structure. NOTE: The taxonomy, cell biology, and intercellular communication of the numerous immune system cells will be detailed in your immunology course this semester. 2 The major stroma proteins are reticular protein fibers (Type III collagen) form a supporting fine mesh-like scaffolding throughout the lymph node. Reticular cells synthesize reticular protein fiber and ground substance and are indistinguishable from typical fibroblasts Other cell types of stroma dendritic cells derived from red bone marrow and are the primary, 'professional', antigen presenting cells in lymph nodes process and present antigens to certain T lymphocytes and are usually found in T cell dense areas of the lymph node follicular dendritic cells have a similar antigen presenting cell (APC) function analogous to dendritic cells but come from a different cell lineage. FDCs reside specifically in lymphatic follicles (a.k.a. lymphatic nodules) of lymph nodes and are the APCs for the B lymphocytes in the lymphatic follicles macrophages phagocytize dysfunctional cells and cell debris after an immune battle; are also APC for T-cells 3 4 Lymph Node Parenchyma- Cortex outer region of lymph node consisting of a dense collection of lymphocytes (including plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes), macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells, and reticular fibers afferent lymphatic vessels bring lymph (hence potential antigenic challenges) into the cortex and this lymph is distributed through an interconnected network of lymphatic vascular spaces called the cortical sinuses and trabecular sinuses. Superficial Cortex a.k.a. Nodular Cortex; loosely referred to as the "B Cell Zone" location of two types lymphatic follicles (Ross: lymphatic nodules): Primary and Secondary Primary Lymphatic Follicles of the Lymph Nodes spherical aggregates of mature-naive B lymphocytes that have yet to encounter antigen typically there are fewer primary lymphatic follicles than secondary lymphatic follicles in a given lymph node terminology note: the word 'nodule' and 'follicle' are used interchangeably. 5 6 7 8 9