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Transcript
Macromolecules
Biology
Intro Video
• https://vimeo.com/83005599
The Importance of CHNOPS
• CARBON
– Major structural atom in all organic molecules.
– Key component in photosynthesis, returned back to
the environment through cellular respiration, and
decomposition.
– CO is the major nonliving source of carbon in the
atmosphere.
2
We will talk more
about the
biogeochemical
cycles a little
later!
Hydrogen
- Major component of all organic molecules.
- Most common atom in the Universe.
- Enters biological systems largely bonded to
oxygen in water.
- Returned to the environment by
decomposition and water release.
Nitrogen
• Found in all proteins and nucleic acids.
• Major nonliving source is N2 in the atmosphere.
• Makes its way into the food chain via nitrogen
fixing bacteria, which convert it into a usable
form of N2 that can be used by producers and
passed on to consumers in the food chain.
• Returned back to the environment through
decomposition and denitrifying bacteria (convert
nitrates in the soil into atmospheric nitrogen).
Oxygen
• Found in most organic molecules.
• Oxygen is in our atmosphere, as well as in our
water.
• Incorporated into the food chain through
cellular respiration and returned back to the
environment through photosynthesis.
Phosphorus
• Found in all nucleic acids
• Used quickly to store and release free energy
in cells.
• Decomposition returns it back to the
environment.
Sulfur
• Found in all proteins.
• Major nonliving source is found in rocks.
• Weathering releases it back into the soil,
where producers absorb it and pass it through
the food chain.
• Decomposition returns it back to the
environment.
The building blocks of
life!
All contain the element
carbon!
Also known as
biomolecules, carbon
based molecules, and
macromolecules
Macromolecules
Unique atomic structure
because it has four
unpaired electrons on the
outer energy level, and can
form covalent bonds with
up to four other atoms!!!!!!
There are four!
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1
e9QM
Molecular Shape
Ring
Branched
Straight
Monomer / Polymer
Polymer= molecule that contains many
Monomers bonded together.
Monomer=
small molecular
subunit
How many monomers are above?
• How do we make a polymer from a monomer?
_________________________________________
• How do we break down a
polymer?__________________________________
• ________________________________: a chemical
process where two smaller molecules are combined to
make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy
is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds.
• _______________________________: A chemical
process where a large molecule is broken down into
smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is
released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions.
Use the diagram
below to help
you answer
these questions!
Answers
• 1. How do we make a polymer from a monomer?
Dehydration synthesis / take water away.
• 2. How do we break down a polymer? Hydrolysis / add
water
• 3. Dehydration Synthesis: a chemical process where two
smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule.
Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed
chemical bonds.
• 4. Hydrolysis: A chemical process where a large molecule is
broken down into smaller molecules. Water is required and
energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic
reactions.
Macromolecule Chart
Macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Basic Formula & Functional Group
Monomer
CHO
1:2:1
-OH (hydroxyl)
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
CHO
1:2: very few
-CH3 (methyl)
- OH
CHONS
No ratio
Triglyceride
(Glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
NH2 (amino)
COOH (carboxyl)
CHONP
PO4
No true monomer.
Amino Acids = also known as
“the building blocks of
proteins.”
Nucleotide: made up of a 5
carbon sugar, phosphate, and
a nitrogenous base (A-T, C-G)
Sub-groups and
Polymers
Examples
Monosaccharides Glucose,
Functions / Uses
Main source of energy
= simple sugars
Disaccharides=
double sugars
galactose,
fructose
Sucrose, lactose Store energy
Polysaccharides= Starch- plants
many sugars
GlycogenProvide structure
animals
Cellulose- plants
Chitin- insects
Carbohydrates
Saturated= all single bonds, full of Butter
H
Long term energy storage
Soft Margarine
Monounsaturated= One double
bond
Olive Oil
Polyunsaturated= two or more
double bonds
Cell Membrane
Phospholipids (phosphate
replaces a fatty acid)
Steroids (4 fused rings)
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Progesterone
Waxes (-OH replaces a fatty acid) Beeswax (paraffin)
Dipeptide= two amino acids
Enzymes
Polypeptide= many amino acids Muscles
Protect the cell: selects what can enter and leave the
cell.
Chemical messengers
Skin
Some Hormones
Repel water (leaves)
Storage
Signal
Structural
Contractile
Defensive
Enzyme
Transport
Receptor
DNA
Genes
Stores and transmits genetic information.
RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Protein synthesis
ATP, ADP, AMP
Main source of energy for cells
Practice identifying the
macromolecule!
Taking
Volunteers!
Explain how monomers are related to polymers.
Match the Monomer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________
A. Protein
Monosaccharide
_________
B. Lipid
Nucleotide
_________
C. Nucleic acid
Amino acid
_________
D. Carbohydrate
Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
DNA
_________
A. Protein
Enzyme
_________
B. Lipid
Triglyceride
_________
C. Nucleic acid
Polysaccharide
_________
D. Carbohydrate
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________
A. Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide
_________
B. RNA
Nucleotide
_________
C. Enzyme
Amino acid
_________
D. Phospholipid
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________
A. Enzyme
Glucose
_________
B. Triglyceride
Nucleotide
_________
C. Starch
Amino acid
_________
D. DNA
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Amino acid
_________
A. Glycogen
Nucleotide
_________
B. Phospholipid
Monosaccharide
_________
C. Protein
Fatty acids and glycerol _________
D. DNA
Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
Cholesterol
_________
A. Protein
Enzyme
_________
B. Nucleic Acid
RNA
_________
C. Carbohydrate
Cellulose
_________
D. Lipid
How do we break down a polymer
and turn it into a monomer?
• Eat pasta (starch)-> There is a protein
(enzyme) in your spit that breaks the pasta
down -> glucose
• Let’s try it! “The Saltine Cracker Experiment”
– 1. Chew the cracker, DON’T SWALLOW IT
– 2. Put another crack in, chew it, don’t swallow it,
just chew.
– 3. You should taste the cracker getting sweeter=
glucose.
What if glucose is needed now?
• We make a polymer called
glycogen (similar to starch, but
only found in animals), which are
repeating units, or monomers of
glucose with lots of branches.
Glycogen curls around and
makes a BIG globby molecule.
• Globby and branched= sticks out
all over the place.
• Enzymes attach to the ends, and
break down the glycogen into
glucose= ENERGY
• Where is glycogen found, and
where do you need it the most?
Liver and Muscles!
Phospholipids
• Form the bilayer of the cell
membrane.
• First line of defense for the cell.
• One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a
phosphate.
• Hydrophobic tails- made up of fatty
acids, and are afraid of water (nonpolar).
• Hydrophilic heads- made up of
glycerol and phosphate, and love
water (polar).
Functions of Proteins
Function
Catalyzing Enzymes
Description
•Activate metabolic reactions, speed up
rates of reactions.
•Lowers activation energy-> the amount of
energy needed to get a reaction started.
•On-going / never stop.
•Need certain factors in order to work
properly-> pH, temperature, enzyme
concentration, substrate concentration, and
the presence of inhibitors.
•Ex- Human enzymes work best at 98.6,
above 104 they fall apart.
Defensive Proteins
•Basis of the bodies endocrine and immune
systems. They attack invading microbes and
cancer cells.
•Ex- antibodies attack viruses and bacteria
•Ex- fibrinogen = protein that causes your
blood to clot
Storage Proteins
Bind with iron and calcium to provide
nourishment for an organism.
Function
Description
Transport Proteins
•Allow larger molecules to move in and out of
cells.
Ex- Hemoglobin= carries oxygen
Ex- Myoglobin= carries oxygen to muscles
Support Proteins
•Provide structural support and protection.
•Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nails
•Ex- Fibrin- allows your blood to clot
•Ex- Collagen and elastin- major
components of connective tissue
Motion Proteins
•Such as myosin and actin, cause muscles to
contract or change shape.
Messenger Proteins
•Allow different cells to communicate
Ex- Hormones- regulate body
functions
Ex- Insulin- regulates glucose levels
Ex- Vasopressin- tells your kidneys to
reabsorb water
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Double stranded, twisted ladder,
double helix
• Sugar= deoxyribose
• Location= Nucleus only
• Function= carries and transfers
genetic info.
• Processes= DNA Replication
• Base Pairs=
– A-T (Adenine – Thymine)
– C-G (Cytosine- Guanine)
– Known as Chargaff’s Rule
•
•
•
•
•
Ribonucleic Acid
Single Stranded
Sugar= Ribose
Location= Nucleus and cytoplasm
Function= carries and transfers
genetic information and
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (the
process by which the genetic code
puts together proteins in the cell).
• Processes: Transcription and
Translation
• Base Pairs=
– A-U (Adenine – Uracil)
– C-G (Cytosine to Guanine)
Nucleic Acids
Make sure to
label all of the
parts!
DNA
RNA
Questions
• 1. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid made
up of?
• 2. What type of bond holds together the
nitrogenous bases?
• 3. What type of bond holds together the sugars
and phosphates?
• 4. Which base pairs match up in DNA?
• 5. Which base pairs match up in RNA?
• 6. In RNA, thymine is replaced with ___________.
• 1. Nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, and a
nitrogenous base.
• 2. Hydrogen bonds
• 3. Covalent bonds
• 4. A-T and C-G
• 5. A-U and C-G
• 6. Uracil
Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_6JXLYS-k
Four Macromolecules / Carbon Based Molecules
1.________________________________ 2.______________________________
3.________________________________ 4.______________________________
Directions: Using the four macromolecules above, write which one is represented by
the description. Put a C for carbohydrate, P for protein, L for lipid, and NA for
nucleic acids.
Stores and transmits genetic information.________
Makes Enzymes ________________
Insulin ______________
Sucrose ______________
Saturated ________________
Fatty Acids _____________
Glucose ______________
Antibodies _______________
Enzyme Substrate Complex _____________
Phospholipid Bilayer ________________
Contains nitrogenous bases __________
Amino acids ___________________
Monosaccharides _____________
Main component of the cell membrane
___________
The only one that contains phosphorus (sugar,
phosphate, nitrogenous base) _______________
Glycerol _________________
Collagen _________________
Polyunsaturated ________________
Long term energy storage _______________
Main source of energy _____________
Cholesterol ________________
Hemoglobin _____________
Disaccharides _______________
Starches __________________
ATP___________________
Unsaturated fats ________________
Deoxyribonucleic Acid_________________
Ribonucleic Acid _________________
Steroids _________________
Lactose __________________
Ends in “ose” __________________
Olive oil __________________
Cellulose _________________
Triglycerides _________________
Has an “R” group _________________
Monomers are nucleotides _________________
Hormones ____________________
Let’s look at the molecular structures
a little closer.