Download Nucleic Acids

Honors Biology
Cliff’s notes for Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry at the Most Basic Level
Class of
Organic
Compound
Carbo
Lipid
Elements,
Special
Ratio (if
present)
CHO
2H:1O
Monomer Term
Monomer
Examples
*glucose
Monosaccharide Fructose,
galactose (all
six carbon)
CHO, lots of
C and H,
little O
1 glycerol + 3
fatty acids
Protein
C,H,O,N (S)
Amino acid
Nucleic Acid
C,H,O,N,P
Nucleotide
*ribose,
*deoxyribose
(five carbon)
Glycerol
Saturated fatty
acid
Unsaturated
fatty acid
There are
twenty types of
A.A
ATP, NAD,
FAD
Polymer Term
Polymer Examples
Polysaccharide
Starch, cellulose, glycogen,
chitin
Triglyceride
Fat, Oil, Wax
Phospholipids, Steroids=
modified triglycerides
Peptide
Polypeptide
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Enzymes, variety of other
proteins that perform many
different functions
DNA, RNA
Carbohydrates
Elements Present/Ratio
Common Name
C,H,O 2H:1O
Sugars
Chemical Term
Saccharides
Monomer unit
Monosaccharide
Formula of 6-Carbon monomer
C6H12O6
Examples of 6-Carbon monomer
(There are three.)
Functions of Glucose (there are two)
Glucose *
Fructose (don’t need to
know)
1.
Energy source for cells
2.
Monomer for polysaccharides
Galactose (don’t need to
know)
Examples of 5-Carbon monomer and
location
Deoxyribose (DNA)
Ribose (RNA)
Polymer Units (There are two.)
Disaccharide
Dissaccharide Formula
C12H22O11
Examples of disaccharides (There are
three.)
Lactose (don’t need to
know)
Polysaccharide formula
Looks like a bunch of hexagon rings linked together
Polysaccharide Examples (There are
four)
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin
Polysaccharide
Maltose (don’t need to
know)
Sucrose (don’t need to
know)

Function
Energy storage
Structural
Energy storage
Structural

Location
Plant roots and
seeds
Cell walls
Animal liver and
muscles
Exoskeletons
(insects….)
Polarity
polar
Lipids (Specifically Fats, Oils and Waxes)
Elements Present/ Ratio
C,H,O lots of C and H little Os
Monomer Units (Provide number of
each required)
Glycerol formula, What functional
group is present?
Describe the structure of the fatty
acid. (Include the names of the two
functional groups on each end.)
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
C3H8O3 ; three hydroxyl groups
Long carbon chain with a methyl group on one end and a carboxyl group on the
other end
Types of Fatty Acids
A. Saturated
B. Unsaturated

Types of bonds between
carbon atoms
Single
At least one double

Shape of Chain
Straight
Bent

Physical state at room temp.
solid
liquid
Chemical Name of Polymer Unit
triglyceride
Examples of Polymer
A.
Function
Animal energy storage
Polarity of Lipids
Fat
B. Oil
Plant energy storage
Nonpolar
Other lipid polymers = phospholipids and steroids; both components of cell membranes
C. Wax
Waterproof coating,
beehives
Proteins
Elements Present
C,H,O,N (S)
Monomer Unit
Amino acid
Describe the structure of an amino
acid. (Include functional groups.)
Polymer Units (based on size)
Central carbon surrounded by an amino, carboxyl and variable group
Polymer Structure Levels (list and
describe)
Polymer Functions
Peptide (less than 50 amino
Polypeptide/protein (more than 50
acids)
amino acids)
Primary: chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Secondary: coiling of chain into a helix or folding of chain into a pleated sheet
by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary: more folding of secondary structure through hydrogen bonds and
disulfide bridges
Quaternary: multiple protein chains combine by hydrogen bonding and disulfide
bridges
Enzymes, structural (build things), defense against disease, movement
Nucleic Acids
Elements Present
Monomer Unit
C,H,O,N,P
Nucleotide
Three components of monomer
5-carbon sugar
Two types of 5 Carbon sugars
Ribose
ATP
Phosphate
Nitrogen base ring
Deoxyribose
NAD
FAD
Examples of nucleotides

All carry energy in cells
Functions
Polymer Unit
Nucleic acid
DNA: store genetic information
Examples of Polymer

Functions
RNA: direct protein synthesis