Download The ingredients of life. - Waterford Public Schools

“The ingredients of life.”
You = collection of organic molecules!
McDonald’s
Total calories: 2010
Panera Bread
Total calories: 2160
Subway
Total calories: 2010
Starbucks
Total calories: 2030
Carbohydrates
Protein
Fat
Organic compounds all
contain… carbon!
Carbon is special.
It’s atomic properties cause it to easily bond
with lots of other atoms and molecules.
Carbon atoms love to form strong bonds to
other carbon atoms, creating chains and rings.
Life is IMPOSSIBLE without carbon.
“Large Molecule”
Made from carbon compounds
Monomers: small subunits or “building blocks”
Polymers: large units composed of multiple
monomers
Mono- = one
Poly- = many
Monomer
Polymer
 Each macromolecule performs it’s own tasks.
 The basic structure and function of each type
of macromolecule is similar in all organisms
(from the simplest bacteria to complex humans)
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
Monomer(s):
Monosaccharides/Disaccharides
 Glucose
 Fructose – in fruits
 Galactose – in milk
(Two monosaccharides
Together)
 Sucrose - table sugar
 Lactose – in milk
aka “simple sugars”
Polymer:
Polysaccharides
aka “complex carbohydrate”
Plant/animal’s way of “storing” simple sugars
 Starch – in plants
 Cellulose – in plants
 Glycogen – in animals
…
Polysaccharides
 Starch - digestible
(rice, wheat, potatoes etc)
 Cellulose – not digestible
(wood, paper)
 Glycogen
–
stored in liver
for when blood glucose
(“blood sugar”) runs low
Function:
Source of ENERGY!
 Quick energy (glucose)
 Short-term storage of quick energy (starch and glycogen)
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and (some) oxygen
Monomers:
Glycerol + Fatty Acid
Polymer:
Triglyceride
Function #1:
 Long term energy storage
Video of oil spill
Non-polar therefore hydrophobic
– DO NOT dissolve in water
More functions:
 Protective barriers
 Forms cell membrane
(phospholipids)
 Sending messages (hormones)
Also: Steroids, vitamins
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen(CHON)
Monomer:
Amino Acids
Polymer:
Polypeptides
Function:
Structural support (collagen)
Transport (hemoglobin)
Defense (antibodies)
Enzymes (amylase)
The type of amcino acid is determined by it’s “R” group
 20 amino acids in total
 8 “essential” amino acidsWe cannot make them
ourselves
Only “R” group changes
The R group determines the
type/function
of the amino acid.
When the wrong instructions
make the wrong amino acid
= problem
eg. Sickle Cell Anemia
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (CHONP)
Monomer:
Polymer:
Nucleotide
Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
Function:
 Stores/transmits genetic information
 Build proteins
DNA AND RNA. That’s it.