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1 BIOCHEMISTRY by DUGGIN Amino acids 10 essential AA (“PVT TIM HALL”) -phenylanlanine -valine -tryptophan -threonine -isoleucine -methionine -histidine -arginine -leucine -lysine characteristics of AA -ketogenic (can be synthesized to fats) AA leucine and lysine -aromatic (have a smell) AA phenylalananine, tyrosine, tryptophan -branched chain AA valine, isoleucine, leucine problem with breaking down branched chain AA Maple syrup urine disease -sulfur containing AA cysteine, cystine, methionine foods that are deficient in AA -limiting AA found in grains – lysine -limiting AA found in legumes (soy, vegetables) methionine -limiting AA found in bean tryptophan Synthesis of cholesterol acetyl CoA HMG CoA melvalonate squalene cholesterol HMG CoA reductase – between HMG CoA and melvalonate rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol bile synthesis rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis phosphofructokinase (PFK) rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 Glycolysis glycolysis alone implies anaerobic anaerobic glycolysis conversion of glucose to lactic acid net amount of ATP = 2 aerobic glycolysis conversion of glucose to pyruvate net amount of ATP = 36 (all other tissue) or 38 (liver) depending on the tissue (including the link) occurs in the cytoplasm end products 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate complete breakdown is carbon dioxide and water link between aerobic glycolysis and the Kreb cycle enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA) anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm the link is across the mitochondrial membrane purpose of the electron transport system is to regenerate reducing power NAD = reducing power (able to gain a H) FAD = reducing power lactate pyruvate also a regenerating system producing NAD under anaerobic conditions calculation of ATP 2ATP 2NADH transported by shuttle 2 pyruvate cytoplasm mitochondria 2 NAD+ pyruvate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 acetyl CoA 1 acetyl CoA 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP each NADH 3 ATP FADH2 2 GTP 1 7 ATP since there are 2 acetyl CoA NADH 6 x 3 ATP FADH2 2 x 2 GTP 2x1 24 ATP from the Kreb cycle 2 x 3 6 from link forming 2 NADH when pyruvate enters mito 2 from the anerobic cycle initially 32 3 shuttle transport transports the 2 NADH formed into the mitochondria in the liver transports 2 NADH directly into NADH into the mito without loss 32 + (2 NADH x 3) = 38 ATP total NADH cytoplasm mitochondria NADH in other tissues the NADH is converted into FADH2 32 + (2 FADH2 x 1) = 34 ATP total NADH cytoplasm mitochondria FADH2 Kreb cycle is NOT anaerobic the Kreb cycle and the electron transport system occurs inside the mitochondrial production of NADH 1) isocitrate isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate 2) alpha-ketoglutarate alpha-ketoglutarate dehyodrogenase succinyl CoA 3) malate malate dehydrogenase oxaloacetate production of GTP succinyl CoA succinyl CoA synthetase succinate production of FADH2 succinate succinate dehydrogenase fumerate Cori cycle only involved with anaerobic process takes place only between the liver and skeletal muscle recycling system for glucose to lactic acid and back to glucose by gluconeogenesis (also known as glycolysis in reverse – making glucose from anything other than glucose) 1. Excess ammonia is transported from skeletal muscle to the liver by *L-alanine -transamination reactions system which converts ketoacid to amino acid and back but also AA ketoacid overlapped at same time -transamination reactions transfers nitrogen groups pathway pyruvate alanine in skeletal muscle alanine enters blood liver picks up alanine alanine is converted into pyruvate and release a nitrogen which enters the urea cycle -vitamin B-6 necessary for transamination -pyruvate is a ketoacid alanine 4 -blood-urea-nitrogen bund urea produced in the liver and excreted in the kidney hidden in blood, urine, or cell find where elevated and where sample came from any liver problem will cause the bund to decrease – since liver can not produce urea any kidney problem will cause the bund to increase – since kidney is not functioning to release urea 2. The molecule which enzmes act upon *substrate – produce a product enzyme kinetics Km = affinity that an enzyme has for a substrate Km = ½ Vmax lower the Km the higher the affinity (inverse relationship) ie. glucokinase and hexokinase when glucose enter a cell, it is trapped by addition of a phosphate glucokinase (found only in liver) and hexokinase (found in all other tissues) catalyze glucose-6P kinase at end of an enzyme – adds phosphate groups Vmax = maximum velocity at which the enzyme will work 3. Which of the following is a product of pyruvate and can enter the TCA cycle *acetyl CoA – enters the Kreb cycle -dehydrogenase involved in oxidation or reduction reaction -oxaloacetate will bind with acetyl CoA to form citrate How many carbons are acetyl CoA – 4 4. Which of the following carbohydrates has RNA as its major component * O HOH2C OH OH OH -ribose = 5C -hexose = 6C -deoxyribose (DNA) – 5C with one oxygen and hydrogen removed The formation of deoxyribose is what type of reaction reduction (gain of hydrogen) 5 5. The monosaccharide in this structure is a/an COOH C=O CHOH CHOH COOH *ketopentose -double bond O is on the first carbon aldo -double bond O is on the second carbon keto -name the first carbon according to the closest double bond 6. Which disease would occur if there was a deficiency in the enzyme necessary for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine *phenylketonuria – deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase -enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase used -catacholamine synthesis phenylalanine tyrosine (also make melanin) L-dopa dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine phenylalanine phenylalanine hydroxylase tyrosine deficiency of enzyme causes phenylketonuria could lead to brain damage unless taken off phenylalanine nutrasweet (aka aspartain) – contains phenylalanine developed by Mensado (also developed genetically altered foods) first developed as a neurotoxin – always tired, can’t concentrate put in children’s vitamins (Flinstones) one diet soda exceeds limit of methanol (wood alcohol) toxicity levels expiration put on diet soda due to deterioration of aspartain to methanol nutrasweet in temperature above 86 degrees will double the dose for methanol toxicity antidote for methanol is ethanol tyrosin tyosinase melanin deficiency of enzyme causes albinism 7. Pantothenic acid is necessary for the production of *coenzyme A -cobalamin = B12 (cyanocobalamin) important element is cobalt Cobalt is an element of which vitamin B12 6 8. As the density of lipoproteins is increased ---- decreases and ---- increases *triacylglycerol, protein -increase in density molecule gets heavier -protein is heavy and an increase will cause increase in density -VLDL molecule transports indogenous fats (fats synthesized in the body) from the liver to all the tissues very low density lipoprotein – contains a lot of fat in it -LDL molecule transports cholesterol from the liver to the tissues (“leaves the liver”) low density lipoprotein -HDL molecule transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver high density lipoprotein good cholesterol get rid of excess cholesterol through feces -chylomicrons transport dietary fats What transports fats from the colon to the liver chylomicrons dietary fats -lipoprotein lipase lipase breaks down fats VLDL, HDL, LDL breaks down fats in lipoprotein (ie. triacylglycerol, triglycerol) VLDL IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein) LDL 9. Which of the following is responsible for carboxylation reactions *biotin What is found in decarboxylation reactions B1 (thymine) Which vitamin is involved in transamination reactions B6 (pyridoxine) “train” – B1, B2 B3 t = thymine r = riboflavin n = niacin 10. Which of the following is the active form of folate *tetrahydrofolate 11. A DNA complementary strand would be which of the following: 5’-ATGCTACG-3’ *3’-TACGATGC-5’ -purines (“pure as gold”) adenine guanine -pyrimidine (“king TUC”) cytosine thymine uracil 7 -base pairs (“at the golf course”) in DNA A-T G–C -strand of DNA is antiparallel -base pairs in RNA A–U G-C What is the complementary strand of RNA from the DNA strand: 3’ATGAC 5’ RNA – 5’ UACUG 3’ 12. Which of the following is considered the most saturated *coconut oil -polyunsaturated fatty acid – corn oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil linoleic acid omega 6 canola and olive oil is good – high in monounsaturated fatty acid margarine loaded in hydrogenated oils 13. Which of the following is lacking in a strict vegetarian diet *B12 – cobalamine -found predominently in animal products 14. Which of the following is an important adjunct in the absorption of glucose *chromium helps insulin function better provides bridge between insulin & cell increases glucose tolerance should be supplemented in diabetics best form is chromium picolinate toxic if too high concentration should first do blood test to determine glucose load -insulin polypeptide hormone has a disulfide bond -selenium glucothione system needs this -magnesium goes hand in hand with calcium -zinc good for prostate 15. Which of the following is the best source of dietary vitamin C *broccoli and fruits -highest amount of vitamin C brussel sprouts -2nd broccoli -3rd grapefruit -glucose is highest in cereal and grains -cancer patients put on high protein diet will starve cancer cell of glucose 8 16. Beta-oxidation occurs in the --- and is a --- process *mitochondria, oxidative “lysine the precusor to carnatine that funny little molecule carnatine, takes fatty acid into the mitochondria for beta oxidation” -fatty acid synthesis occur in the cytoplasm and is a reductive process -the molecule that takes acetyl CoA out of the mitochondria into the cytoplasm for fatty acid biosynthesis is citrate (one of the components of the Kreb cycle) 17. Which of the following is fat soluble *K – also D, E, A 18. Which of the following anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 *pernicious macrocytic hyperchromic anemia could also cause megaloblastic anemia 2nd choice Which of the following deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia (hyperchromic macrocytic) B9 (folic acid) could also cause pernicious anemia 2nd choice The most common microcytic hypochromic anemia iron deficiency anemia What is the most common microcytic hypochromic anemia in the Meditteranian population thalacemia 19. Which of the following reactions is responsible for forming deoxyribose from ribose *reduction 20. Which metabolic process is coenzyme Q an integral part of *electron transport chain -oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor 21. Anaerobic glycolysis yields how many net ATP *2 22. Ketones result from which of the following *incomplete oxidation of fats -3 ketone bodies a) acetone – very toxic b) acetoacetate – can be utilized for energy by the brain (primarily) and heart c) beta hydroxybuterate – can be utilized for energy by the brain (primarily) and heart 23. Which of the following are pyrimidines *uracil, cytosine 9 24. What type of bonds holds a single stand of DNA together *phosphodiester -hydrogen alpha helix (secondary structures) -peptide protein What holds two stands of DNA hydrogen What holds tertiary structure (ie myoglobin) sulfur 25. Which of the following is the limiting AA in grains *lysine 26. Which of the following is the function of ascorbic acid *increase iron absorption -ascorbic acid = vitamin C involved in collagen formation aids in the absorption of iron -active form of iron is ferric (Fe2+) – but can not be absorbed vitamin C converts ferric to ferrous (Fe3+) ferrous goes back to ferric by copper 27. Malate is oxidized to which of the following *oxaloacetate NADH produced How many steps are in the Kreb cycle 8 or 9 (9 best answer) “Our Cousin Sicilia Isn’t Knowing So She Forgets Much” steps of the Kreb cycle 27. Which of the following provides nicotinamide *tryptophan pathway tryptophan niacin serotonin -only AA that is band off the shelf is tryptophan -NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide -FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide riboflavin (B2) 28. What is the charge of an AA when it is at its isoelectric point *no charge, neutral -Zwitter ion is an AA that is at its isoelectric point balance (no negative and no positive) -characteristic of AA -all AA are amphoteric compounds can act as an acid or base depending on the pH 29. A 100 kg adult requires approximately how many grams of dietary protein daily *75 -for every 10 kg you need 8 grams of protein 10 30. Sucrose is broken down to --- and --*glucose, fructose -glucose + glucose = maltose -glucose + galactose = lactose 31. Which of the following is the most active form of vitamin D *1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol -peeling is the process the body utilizes to get rid of cancerous cells -vitamin D eliminates cancer cells by forcing cells to mature specifically vitamin D3 -ergocalciferol found in milk from yeast -sequence of making vitamin D 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin cleaved by UV light cholecalciferol goes to the liver to be hydroxylated (OH group added) 25hydroxycholecalciferol goes to the kidney converted to 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol by enzyme 1-alpha-dihydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme) -when calcium levels drop sensed by the parathyroid gland release parathyroid hormones a) go to the bone stimulate release of osteoclast resorb (break down) the bone increase Ca and P in the blood (Ca and P together forms bone so body gets rid of P) b) activate 1-alpha-dihydroxylase in the kidney formation of active vitamin D vitamin D will go to the gut causes formation of Ca binding protein will bind with phospherus absorbs Ca and P from the gut increases Ca and P levels in the blood c) reabsorption of Ca by the kidney (at the proximal tubules) and loss of P Ca high in the blood and loss of P in the urine d) calcitonin takes calcium out of the blood and returns to the bone -estrogen counteracts parathyroid hormone when estrogen is present prevents parathyroid hormone DO NOT TAKE premerin and esterase synthetic forms plant based or natural source is the best -osteoporosis prevention is exercise (10 to 20 minutes a day, 3 times a week) -progesterone creams prevents hot flashes phytoprogesterone (plant form) from wild yams -ovarian cancer is the worst form to get because it can not be detected until it has metastasized 11 32. Which of the following is not part of an animal cell membrane *insulin -cholesterol makes the cell membrane fluid -lecithin Co Q10 helps to absorb lecithin to increase memory -ginko baboba increases blood flow to the brain causes headaches due to vasodilation 33. Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are which type of structure *secondary What holds secondary structure hydrogen -primary structure AA sequence -tertiary structure myoglobin -quaternary structure hemoglobin 2 alpha and 2 beta 34. What type of bond holds DNA bases together in a DNA double helix *hydrogen -ester = phosphodiester bonds 35. Which coenzyme is required for the reduction of a fatty acid chain during fatty acid biosynthesis *NADPH comes from the hexose monophosphate shunt (aka pentose shunt, phosphate shunt) a) produces ribose sugars b) produces NADPH or fatty acid biosynthesis c) energy is not produced nor consumed Where are fats made in the cytoplasm Where do you find NADH and FADH Kreb cycle -pyruvate dehydrogenae takes pyruvate to acetyl CoA 36. What is the reducing agent in fatty acid biosynthesis *NADPH -reducing agent will reduce a compound but becomes oxidized NADPH (reducing agent – donates a hydrogen and becomes oxidized) NADP (reduced form) -oxidizing agent will oxidize a compound and become reduced 37. Oxidation of a fatty acid yielding CO2 and H2O going through beta oxidation also goes through which of the following *Kreb cycle (TCA, citric acid cycle) and electron transport chain -fatty acid broken down to acetyl CoA (by beta oxidation) which will enter the Kreb cycle -the complete break down of fat uses beta oxidation, Kreb cycle, electron transport system acetyl CoA carboxylase rate limiting enzyme for fatty acid synthesis -acetyl CoA ------------ malonyl CoA -accumulation of malonyl CoA indicate fatty acid synthesis 12 38. Most cells can readily synthesize aspartate from *oxaloacetate -transamination reaction oxaloacetate to aspartate pyruvate to alanine 39. Which of the following is a branched chain AA *leucine also valine and isoleucine What is not a derivative of tyrosine serotonin (tryptophan is converted to serotonin) -things that end in –ine are derived from tyrosine usually 40. Which is the greatest source of pectin (soluble) *fruits – especially skin -pectin is soluble and good source of fiber 41. During starvation, triacylglycerols are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol in adipose tissue. What is the ultimate fate of glycerol after transport to the liver *glucose – precursor of glycerol -triglycerol 3 fatty acid + glycerol -glycerol is a source of glucose during starvation gluconeogenesis What is a supply of glucose glycerol 42. Which lipoprotein is produced by the liver and transports tryglycerides to peripheral tissues *VLDL – transports endogenous fats fats synthesized by the liver -chylomicrons transports dietary fats fats absorbed from the GI system 43. By which mechanism do humans eliminate cholesterol *via feces 44. Which of the following is a polypeptide hormone *insulin – most important 45. Which types of bonds are between AA *peptide 46. Which of the following is characteristic of a spontaneous reaction *Gibbs free energy is negative -Gibbs free energy – measures whether a reaction is energetically possible or not positive unfavorable and not spontaneous negative favorable and spontaneous zero no reaction balanced 47. How many bases comprise a codon *3 13 48. Acetyl CoA carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of acetyl CoA to *malonyl CoA 49. Which compound is derived from pyruvate *acetyl CoA 50. Purine nitrogen is derived form --- and is excreted as --*amino acids, uric acid -only AA provide nitrogen -purines broken down to uric acid -increase in uric acid gout -urea is the break down product of proteins 51. tRNA is responsible for which of the following *supplying AA during translation 52. Which of the following molecules is amphoteric *aspartate 53. Which of the following glycosidic bonds is found in glycogen *alpha 1,4 also contains alpha 1,6 -alpha 1,4 linkage is linear -alpha 1,6 linkage produces branching -beta 1,4 linkage in cellulose (insoluble) we can not break down 54. Which of the following depicts the activity of reverse transcriptase *RNA to DNA -DNA to RNA transcription -RNA to protein translation -DNA to DNA replication -RNA back to DNA reverse transcription 55. Lack of B12 results in a deficiency of which of the following *methionine -B12 is necessary in the production of methionine methionine converted to homocysteine (demethylation reaction) homocysteine to methionine need B12 and B9 (folic acid) deficiency will cause increase in methionine levels -homocysteine is a vasoconstrictor and thus levels of homocysteine in the blood will revealt heart disease -homocysteine is converted to bile acids or bile salts by B6 56. Which AA is converted to indole in the intestine *tryptophan 14 57. Which of the following carbon sources supplies the glycerol portion of triglycerides for lipogenesis *glucose 58. Which of the following is a four carbon glucose precursor *fumerate also malate -pyruvate 3 C 59. Beta oxidatoin of fatty acids yields CO2 and H2O by using which of the following metabolic processes *TCA cycle and electron transport chain -1 g of fat = 9 kcal -1g of protein = 4 kcal -1 g of carbohydrate = 4 kcal -1 g of alcohol = 7 kcal 60. Which of the following is not a product of the pentose phosphate (hexose monophosphate shunt) pathway *ATP no energy is consumed or produced in the pathway -fructose-6-phosphate is an intermediate of the pathway -end result is the ribose sugar and the NADPH 61. Which of the following is a mucopolysaccharide (aka glycosaminoglycans) *hyaluronic acid (in th synovial fluid) also chonroitin sulfate 62. Which of the following distinguishes starch from cellulose *starch is digestible by human enzymes and cellulose is not 63. The biosynthesis of cholesterol begins with which of the following *acetyl CoA beginning point of many of the pathways 64. The reductive steps in fatty acid biosynthesis requires which of the following *NADH – coenzyme that is required 65. Which of the following is the final stage in the complete oxidation of fat *TCA cycle 66. Which of the following is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis *malonyl CoA accumulation means body is making fats -rate limiting enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase -carboxylation reaction biotin present 67. Free radical are highly reactive species which result from the --- of lipids *peroxidation 15 68. Which of the following are components of triglycerides *fatty acids and glycerol What kind of bonds are found in triglycerides ester alcohol + fatty acid = ester bond 69. Homocysteine is a product of the demethylation of *methionine -homocysteine causes vasoconstriction 70. Which of the following is not an effect of the hydrogenation of vegetable oils *lowered melting point -trans fatty acid (free radical) destruction of essential fatty acids 71. To generate an unsaturated fatty acid, a saturated fatty acid must undergo *oxidation -saturation a lot of H 72. Following the action of lipoprotein lipase, the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnant is converted into *LDL -VLDL fats and cholestrol broken to IDL by lipoprotein lipase LDL in the liver LDL transports the cholestrol from the liver to the tissues 73. Cholesterol is not a component of which of the following foods *peanuts cholesterol is only found in animals -ergosterol plant version of cholesterol 74. Which of the following lipids comprise the majority of dietary fats *triglycerides 75. Oxaloacetate is the alpha-keto analong of which of the following *aspartic acid transamination reaction What is the B vitamin use in a transamination reaction B6 76. The catabolism of heme results in the formation of *bilirubin -the accumulation of unconguated bilirubin in the basal ganglia of the brain Kernicteris -unconjugated bilirubin is fat soluble -conjugated bilirubin is water soluble 77. Which of the following do not contribute directly to the total AA pool of the body *dietary nucleic acids purines 78. Which of the following processes converts pryruvate to alanine *transamination 16 79. Which nutrient forms the coenzyme involved in transamination reaction *pyrioxidine – B6 -folic acid – B9 -retinol – A -ascorbic acid – C 80. Which of the following is a catecholamine synthesized from tyrosine *epinephrine 81. How many essential AA are aromatic *2 -phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan but tyrosine is NOT essential 82. Thyroxine is derived from which of the following *tyrosine all thryoid hormones 83. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP glucose *epimerase 84. Which enzyme is presnet in the liver but not in the brain or muscle tissue *glucose-6-phosphatase only present in the liver part of glycogenolysis maintains glucose levels during starvation 85. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin refers to which of the following *association of alpha and beta subunits 86. Which of the following AA has the greatest positive net charge at the normal pH of the blood *lysine -basic AA have the greatest positive net charge at your physiological pH “HAL” histadine, arginine, lysine 87. The daily protein allowance for a person weighing 80 Kg (176 lbs) is about *64 -8g for every 10 kg 88. Which of the following is synthesized from panothenic acid *Coenzyme A -panothenic acid B5 -a deficiency of panothenic acid Burning foot syndrome seen in old people 17 89. Which of the following vitamins is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex *biotin involved in carboxylation -5 component thyamine pyrophosphate NAD FAD Coenzyme A lipoic acid -B1 decarboxylation reactions 18 1. Which fatty acids are synthesized by the body using acetyl CoA residues *steric acid -lenoleic acid omega 6 -lenolenic acid omega 3 -arachadonic acid -steric acid nonessential fatty acid produced by the body (essential fatty acid NOT produced by the body) 2. Oxidative phosphorylation generates approximately --- percent of the ATP produced from glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the TCA cycle *90 -4 is substrate level phosphorylation does NOT use electron transport system succinyl CoA succinate glyceraldehyde 3-P 1,3-bis-phosphoglycerate -32 is oxidative phosphorylation oxidizing NADH to NAD to produce ATP using the electron transport system only occur in the mitochondria 3. Alpha-ketoglutarate is an intermediate in the --*tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) 4. In the following diagram of the tRNA molecule, which portion carries the AA 1 carries AA 4 2 3 anti-codon recognizes the codon on mRNA *1 -purpose of the tRNA is to transfer AA -The transfer of an AA is known as which process translation RNA to protein citrate oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA CYTOPLASM malonyl CoA citrate oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA MITOCHONDRIA acetyl CoA beginning of fatty acid synthesis oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA citrate citrate leaves the mitochondria citrate breaks down to oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA acetyl CoA malonyl CoA fatty acid synthesis oxaloacetate recycled back into the mitochondria 19 -process DNA to RNA trans cription RNA to protein translation mRNA contain the codon (made up of 3 nucleic acid) tRNA contain the anticodon 5. A loss of lipoprotein lipase results in which of the following *high chylomicron levels after a high fat meal 6. Which of the following is an intermediate in the formation of palmitic acid from acetyl CoA *malonyl CoA -palmitic acid fatty acid -carnitine takes fatty acid to the mitochondria for beta oxidation (fat breakdown) -precursor to carnitine is lycine How do you get the carbons outside of the mitochondria and enter the cytoplasm for fatty acid syntheisis citrate(involved in fat synthesis) -to determines whether the citrate goes through the Kreb or fatty acid synthesis well fed insulin levels increase if levels of energy (ATP) is high citrate inhibits phosphofructose kinase (negative feedback) if energy needs satisfied and glycogen storage satisfied and excess glucose remains, it is stored as fat high citrate levels in the mitochondria then initiates fat synthesis Where do fat synthesis occur cytoplasm 7. What is the secondary messenger released in response to the hormone epinephrine (aka adrenaline) *cAMP 8. Which of the following is a sulfur containing AA *cysteine 9. Which of the following is the starting material for endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis *acetyl CoA 10. Serotonin and niacin come from which of the following *tryptophan 11. Which of the following elements binds to the phosphate group of ATP *magnesium -chromium use with insulin 20 12. A deficient essential AA creates --- nitrogen balance due to --- urea production and excretion *negative; increase negative balance will mean more breakdown of proteins and waste of urea) -nitrogen balance determined by intake vs excretion if intake = excretion zero if intake > excretion positive nitrogen balance if intake < excretion negative nitrogen balance 13. Dietary intake of 10 grams of protein provides approximately --*40 14. Which of the following sugars is a hexoketose *fructose 15. Which of the following is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscle *lactate -end product of aerobic glycolysis pyruvate 16. Which of the following hormones contains sulfur *insulin polypeptide hormone with sulfur has a disulfide bond 17. Which of the following is an endogenously produced carbohydrate polymer comprised of repeating disaccharide units which contain glucosamide *hyaluronic acid -amylopectin and dextran breakdown of carbohydrate 18. Which of the following is a major component of DNA * O HOH2C OH OH H When you form a deoxyribose from ribose reduction reaction 19. UDP-glucose is a major intermediate in the biosynthesis of *glycogen -UDP bound to glucose making glycogen UDP is a high energy compound making glycogen (synthesis) costs energy provided by UDP enzyme glycogen synthase 20. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in humans due to the body’s inability to synthesize which of the following 21 *omega 6 21. DNA synthesis is called *replication DNA to DNA 22. High levels of which of the following compounds inhibits cholesterol synthesis *cholesterol negative inhibitor inhibits HMG CoA reductase 23. Which enzyme catalyzes the degradation of purines *xanthine oxidase -adenine and guanine purines -purines are broken down to uric acid purine hypoxanthine xanthine uric acid rate limiting enzyme of purine metabolism xantine oxidase -gout is an accumulation of uric acid in the blood 24. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes have the same *type of coenzymes -isoenzymes have different enzymes with structure but have the same function ie. lactate dehydrogenase 25. What type of reaction causes the formation of pyruvate and oxaloacetate from alanine and aspartate, respectively *transamination 26. Which of the following is a high energy compound *glucose-6-phosphate addition of P group causes it to be a high energy compound -UDP-glucose is the number one choice for high energy compound 27. Ornithine is an intermediate in which cycle *urea cycle -rate limiting enzyme carbomoyl phosphate synthase -nitrogen donor glutamate -occur in the cytosol and mitochondria “ARCO” arginine, citrulline, ornithine 28. Which of the following hormones inhibits fat mobilization *insulin biggest anabolic (synthesis) hormone in the body -catabolic breakdown cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine 22 SAMPLE TEST 1. Which of the following does not make up the ninhydride reaction *sulfuric acid 2. Which of the following are monosaccharides *galactose, fructose, glucose -maltose glucose + glucose -sucrose glucose + fructose -lactose glucose + galactose 3. Which of the following is synthesized from the pentose phosphate shunt (aka hexose phosphate shunt) *NADPH and ribose Where is carbon dioxide and glucose produced TCA 4. Which of the following is the best source of pectin *fruits and vegetables 5. In the first step of gluconeogenesis, by the process of ---- you convert pyruvate into *carboxylation; oxaloacetate -gluconeogenesis reverse glycolysis -oxaloacetate crosses the mitochondria as malate 6. What is the byproduct of the breakdown of muscle *creatinine 7. Which vitamin is necessary for the conversion of alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA *niacin -alpha ketoglutarate succinyl CoA has production of NADH 8. What carries AA in protein synthesis *tRNA 9. The compliment of 5’-AGTC-3’ is *3’-TCAG-5’ 10. NADH is a cofactor of which of the following *dehydrogenase -NADH (or NAD) and FADH (FAD) all involved in oxidation/reduction reactions all are catalyzed by dehydrogenases 23 11. A proteolytic enzyme will most likely degrade a protein by which of the following means *hydrolysis also breakdown of carbohydrates 12. Which of the following is a substrate for citrate synthase *oxaloacetate -oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA citrate 13. Alpha-ketogluterate is an intermediate in which pathway *tricarboxylic acid aka Kreb cycle -Embrden-Myerhoff aka anaerobic 14. Which of the following steps in the glycolytic pathway is oxidative/ reductive *glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphate where NADH is produced and a dehydrogenase is used 15. The first chemical reaction in the catabolism of AA is *deamination What is the amino group converted to in the liver urea excreted in the kidneys 16. In the aerobic catabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, what is the common product *acetyl CoA -aerobic breakdown of carbohydrate pyruvate -anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrate lactate 17. A patient with galatosemia should not consume which of the following *milk 18. Sucrose does not contain which of the following *free anomeric carbon with OH groups 19. Degradation of which of the following produces glucose only *amylose homopolysaccharide of alpha-1,4-linkage of glucose -raffinose glucose + fructose + galactose trisaccharide 20. Which of the following is the intermediate in the malate-aspartate shuttle *oxaloacetate 21. Which of the following is a monosaccharide *glucose 22. During fatty acid synthesis acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria to cytoplasm as *citrate 24 23. Ketone body synthesis takes place in which of the following tissues *liver -rate limiting enzyme of ketone body synthesis HMG CoA synthetase -ketone bodies (produced by the incomplete breakdown of fats) acetoacetate betahydroxybuterate acetone 24. Which type of bond is found in RNA *phosphodiester aka covalent 25. Which of the following AA is a precursor to nicotinic acid *tryptophan niacin nicotinamide 26. Which of the following is not an essential AA *serine “PVT TIM HALL” 27. Which of the following molecules transports AA to the site of protein synthesis *tRNA 28. Which of the following nitrogenous bases is not found in DNA *uracil 29. Oxaloacetate is an intermediate in which of the following cycles *TCA 30. Which of the following is an essential aromatic AA *tryptophan -aromatic AA phenylalanine, tryptophan, tryrosine tyrosine NOT essential 31. In starvation, the carbon atoms in hepatic gluconeogenesis come from *muscle protein -gluconeogenesis after glycogen stores in the liver have been all used up after glycogenolysis muscle proteins broken down 32. Disuse of which organ will directly impair the synthesis of urea *liver make here 33. Which of the following profoundly affects the utilization of carbohydrates *insulin anabolic determines use of glucose -glucagon causes the breakdown of glycogen early stages of starvation 34. Which of the following will block the effects of biotin *avidin – present in egg whites 25 35. Coenzyme A is associated with which vitamin *pantothenic leads to the formation of coenzyme A 36. NADH is a coenzyme of which of the following *dehydrogenase 37. Which of the following pairs are pyrimidines *thymine;uracil -pyrimids pyrimidines “KING TUC” – thymine, uracil, cytosine 38. The stop and start codon must be *non-parallel and non-comparable 39. Glucagon and what other hormone have a similar effect upon the liver *epinephrine 40. Chondroitin sulfate is a type of --- which is a commonly found in --*proteoglycans; connective tissue -chrondroitin sulfate, hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid are a proteoglycan -cartilage is a connective tissue 41. Hydrolysis of amylopectin results in which of the following end products *maltose also isomaltose 42. Which of the following carbohydrates is a soluble dietary fiber *pectinose 43. Which of the following is a Kreb’s cycle intermediate that occurs in the lowest concentration *oxaloacetate – in the lowest concentration and the most oxidized compound of the Kreb cycle 44. Alpha amylase is found in which body secretion *pancreas also found in the mouth (saliva) 45. A genetic lack of fructose -1,6-bisphosphatase results in the inability to *synthesize glucose from pyruvate 46. In a free system which of the following may stimulate an endergonic reaction (need to add energy) *increasing the temperature of the reaction 47. During aerobic glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of *pyruvate 26 48. The process of synthesizing glucose from an AA is know as *gluconeogenesis 49. The first step in the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate is the carboxylation of pyruvate to form *oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase 50. Which of the following is a Kreb’s cycle intermediate *alpha-ketogluterate 51. Pyruvate is converted to which of the following prior to entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) *acetyl CoA 52. Which of the following compounds is an intermediate in the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate *glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 53. Which of the following is found in collagen *proline hydroxyproline -collagen has hydroxyproline and lysine but primarily proline 54. The biosynthesis of FAD requires *riboflavin -pyridoxine B6 55. Which of the following trace minerals is a component of the glucose tolerance factor *chromium needed for insulin function 56. The component of the electron transport system are located in which of the following regions of a cell *inner mitochondrial membrane 57. Which of the following is a component of the electron transport chain *ubiquinone aka CoQ10 58. Which of the following is an active form of folic acid *tetrahydrofolate -folic acid B9 59. Which of the following minerals is a component of cytochrome B *iron 27 60. The body converts beta-carotene to retinal by which of the following mechanisms *oxidative lysis -beta-carotene 2 molecules of retinal does not work if already sick vitamin A form would work better 61. Which of the following processes bioactivates thiamine and pyridoxine *phosphorylation 62. The final stage in the formation of 1,25-dihydoxycholecalciferol occurs primarily in the *kidney 63. In the production of purine nucleotides the formal group was provided by *B9 (folic acid) needed in the synthesis of DNA and RNA (nucleotide) 64. Which of the following is synthesized by intestinal flora, becomes deficient due to antibiotic therapy and is a coenzyme for carboxylation *biotin 65. NADPH contains which of the following vitamins *niacin 66. Which of the following vitamins is required for the hydroxylation of AA proline *ascorbate vitamin C necessary for connective tissue and hyaline 67. Which vitamin is not valuable in preventing free radical damage in tissues *cyanocobalamine “ACES” antioxidants of the body -vitamin A retinol -vitamin C ascorbic acid -vitamin E alpha-tocopherol -selenium 68. The function of the nonsense codons include which of the following *stop ribosome action in allowing for protein release 69. Which of the following is a form of iron that is most readily absorbed in the intestinal tract *ferrous -most active form ferric 70. Which of the following enzymes contain selenium *glutathione peroxidase 28 71. Phytate and oxalate (basic acids have negative charges) inhibit the absorption of dietary *calcium bound to the phytate and oxalate -most common type of kidney stones oxalic acid 72. Which of the following is a primary end product of purine catabolism *urate salt of uric acid -urea end product of protein 73. Liver, dried fruit and molasses all contain *iron -also contained in rasin dried fruits contain copper which convert iron to the active form and able to absorb more efficiently 74. During the production of purine nucleotides, the formal group is provided by *tetrahydrofolate 75. Which of the following promotes protein synthesis in humans *methionine known as the start codon 76. The complement base pairs of a DNA double helix are held together by bonds *hydrogen 77. The DNA of an organism which contains 3% cytosine contains ---% thymine *40 explaination C = 3% given so G = 3% total is 6% other 94% must be A and T combined so ½ of 94 = 47 78. Which of the following is mRNA guided protein synthesis *translation 79. Transcription requires DNA template to produce *RNA 80. Which of the following occurs in DNA, but not in RNA *thymine 81. Which of the following is a keto sugar *fructose ketohexose sugar 82. Which of the following hormones promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles *insulin anabolic synthesis 29 83. Under resting conditions which of the following stimulates the synthesis of hepatic glycogenic enzymes *insulin 84. Epinephrine affects adipose tissue by promoting which of the following *release of fatty acids -epinephrine activates enzyme lipoprotein lipase to breakdown triglycerides to release fatty acids 85. The process of fat metabolism in adipose tissue is initiated by high levels of *epinephrine causes breakdown of fats 86. Epinephrine is synthesized and secreted principally by the *adrenal medulla 87. The biosynthesis of testosterone utilizes *cholesterol 88. Which of the following hormones increases lipogenesis *insulin 89. Which of the following is a pentose sugar *ribose -all monosaccharides are hexose sugars 90. A noncompetitive inhibitor of an allosteric enzyme affects which of the following *Vmax only -competitive inhibitor increase the Km 91. Which of the following is a polysaccharide *amylose 92. Which of the following is a hexose *fructose 93. Which would be affected with low levels of thiamine *Kreb’s cycle -thiamine (B1) involved in decarboxylation reaction 94. Which AA is both essential and aromatic *phenylalanine 30 95. Which of the following is a branched chain AA *valine -branched chain AA isoleucine leucine valine 96. Which of the following reactions provides most of the carbon atoms used to form carbohydrates by gluconeogenesis during starvation *hydrolysis of muscle breakdown 97. What makes up the color of the iris of the eye *melanin -rhodopsin aka visual purple allows you to see at night time retinol (vitamin A) + opsin = binds to form rhodopsin at night 98. Myoglobin is considered to be *a single polypeptide -primary, secondary, tertiary all single polypeptide chains 99. The formula for 2-deoxyribose is *C5H10O4 -ribose C5H10O5 100. Which of the following is the beta-carbon O CH3 – (CH2)x – CH2 – CH2 – C – S – CoA 4 3 2 1 *C3 101. Which of the following has a transfer methyl group *methionine -methionine to homocysteine demethylation 102. How many kilocalories are in 10 grams of fat *90 103. Which metabolic pathway does the follwing reaction occur in glucose-1-posphate + UDP UDP-glucose + Pi *glycogenesis whenever UDP is seen glycogen is being formed 104. Alpha amylase is secreted from the *pancreas 31 105. What enzyme catalyzes an oxidation/ reduction reaction *dehydrogenase 106. Beta-oxidation of an 18 carbon saturated fatty acid yields --- molecules of acetyl CoA *9 – divide the number of carbon by 2 (since acetyl CoA has 2 carbons) 107. One gram of protein will give us how many kilocalories *4 108. Under fasting conditions, which of the following stimulates the synthesis of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes *cortisol causes gluconeogenesis during period of starvation 109. Which of the following is found in DNA, but not in RNA *thymine 110. Which of the following does oxaloacetate become *aspartate 32 TESTING 1. Which of the following is produced in the skin *7-dehydrocholesterol 2. Which of the following AA is deficient in corn *tryptophan and lysine 3. Which of the following is the most toxic fat soluble vitamin *1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol vitamin D 4. Which of the following AA is unnecessary if you have an ample amount of nicotinamide *tryptophan 5. Which of the following contains only purines *guanine, hypoxanthine, uric acid “History says All Girls are Pure” hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine purine 6. Which of the following enzymes transorms hypoxantine to uric acid *xanthine oxidase 7. The symptoms of scurby are produced by *hydroxyproline decrease vitamin C needed for production of hydroxyproline 8. Which of the following is a nucleotide *adenosine-5-monophosphate What is the differenece between a nucleotide and a nucleoside nucleotide nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, phosphate group nucleoside nitrogenous base and ribose sugar 9. Which of the following substances transports fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria *carnitine 10. What is the rate limiting enxyme of the pentose phosphate pathway *glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -hexose monophosphae shune produce NADPH, ribose sugars and the rate limiting enzyme 11. Which of the following is derived from the pentose phosphate pathway *ribose sugar 12. The pentose phosphate pathway provides --- for fatty acid synthesis *NADPH 33 13. Lipoprotein lipase has the following responsibility *breakdown triglycerides 14. During starvation glycerol can be converted to which of the following *glucose 15. The breakdown of triglyerides is accomplished by which of the following *hydrolysis 16. Which of the following is a cofactor in carboxylation reactions *biotin 17. Which of the following is a cofactor in transamination reactions *B6 – aka pyridoxine, pyridoxal phosphate 18. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies causes Beri Beri *thiamine common in alcoholics 19. Which of the following is a dehydrogenase reaction *oxidation/ reduction 20. Which of the following has the most kilocalories per gram *triglycerides 21. Which of the following is not part of the urea cycle *citrate Kreb cycle “ArCO” arginine, citrulline, ornithine 22. The charge of an AA is determined by which of the following *pH 23. Acid and basic AA make a quartenary structure utilizing which of the following bonds *ionic 24. The most abundant substance in the cell membrane is *phospholipids -peptidoglycans cell wall 25. Which of the following has the greatest protein density *HDL fats light and protein dense so high density lipoprotein 26. Which of the following foods has the highest concentration of cholesterol *egg 34 27. Which of the following unsaturated fatty acids contains two carbon-carbon double bonds *linoleic 28. Which of the following coenzymes is responsible for converting methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA *B12 -enzyme is methylmalonyl CoA mutase 29. Niacin and riboflavin are coenzymes involved in a --- reaction *oxidation/ reduction 30. Hyperglycemia is closely associated with which of the following *diabetes mellitus low insulin (hypoinsulinism) causes hyperglycemia -diabetes insipidus deficiency of ADH 31. Which of the following is an essential fatty acid *linoleic 32. Which of the following is a coenzyme derived from riboflavin *FAD 33. Which of the following sugars make up sucrose *glucose and fructose 34. Cholesterol is converted to --- by hepatic tissue *bile salts 35. Which of the following is a ketohexose *fructose 36. Which of the following is an intermediate in the formation of palmitic acid from acetyl CoA *malonyl CoA 37. Which of the following is not an antioxidant *cholecalciferol 38. Which of the following is responsible for the transportation of iron in the blood *transferrin -ferritin involved in storage of iron “store your iron in a tin” 39. Hemoglobin contains which of the following *4 binding sites to oxygen 35 40. A 6 carbon sugar can be converted to produce --- acetyl CoA *2 41. In gluconeogenesis pyruvate is carboxylated to *oxaloacetate 42. The purpose of thymine pyrophosphate in the pentose pathway is *functions with transaldolase also contains transketolase 43. Which of the following is an essential AA *valine 44. Which of the following enzymatic activities is not in the pentose phosphate pathway *glucose-6-phosphatase 45. Which of the following is found in gluconeogenesis, but not in glycolysis *biotin carboxylation reactions NOT present in glycolysis and TCA -pantothenate pantothenic acid 46. Niacin is derived form which of the following AA *tryptophan 47. Which of the following only contains purine *guanine adenine 48. The substrate concentraton which gives ½ Vmax is *Km 49. Which of the following characteristic of a competitive inhibitor *increased Km 50. Which of the following is the function of tRNA *sequence of the protein polypeptide chain tRNA -contains anticodon -recognizes the codon -transfer of AA 51. DNA 5’-ACCG-3’ what is the DNA *3’-TGGC-5’ 52. Pleated sheets are considered to be *secondary 36 53. Which of the following types of bonds are seen with pleated sheets *hydrogen 54. Beta 1,4 bonds are found in which of the following *lactose 55. In a substance that contains 30% starch, 10% maltose, 10% lactose and 50% sucrose, how much is glucose, galactose and fructose *70; 5; 35 -starch all glucose 56. Which of the following is the intermediate in cholesterol synthesis *HMG CoA 57. Which of the following has only two double bonded carbons *linoleic -double bonds oleic 1 double bonded carbon linoleic 2 double bonded carbons linolenic 3 double bonded carbon arachidonic 4 double bonded carbon 58. In the phenylalanine to tyrosine pathway, what is the product *epinephrine 59. The primary function of the electron transport chain is to *oxidize coenzymes and convert the energy to ATP best answer -regenerate reducing power oxidation 60. If the electron transport chian is uncoupled, how would ATP production be affected *decreased to 0 61. Which of the following is in aspartane *phenylalanine 62. Zwitter ion is *at its isoelectric point 63. Which of the following is a zymogen *trypsinogen -zymogen inactive enzyme