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Learning? What’s that? • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A ‘relatively’ permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. Note that learning is NOT the same as maturation (like walking or toilet training). Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning Latent Learning Observational Learning Classical Conditioning? Pavlov’s name ring a bell? • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. Learning by association, we perform a reflex or involuntary behavior to a new stimulus. We need a UCS and UCR, and then we add a CS and eventually we get a CR. Huh? Some essential criteria CS must precede UCS in acquisition phase CS and UCS pairing is time sensitive 1 or 2 pairings will usually not be enough CS needs to be distinctive Anything else I ought to know about CC? • • • • • Stimulus generalization: responding to a stimulus that’s similar to the CS Stimulus discrimination: spotting how a stimulus is different from the CS Extinction: what happens with no UCS? Spontaneous Recovery: hey, there’s still something left after extinction? Higher Order Conditioning: using a pairing of an NS with a CS, and after a while we’ve got a new CS. Are there other forms of CC? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Conditioned Emotional Response: Poor lil’ Albert; induced phobia to a harmless little white rat. Vicarious Conditioning: all I gotta do is notice how somebody else responds to the CS? Conditioned Taste Aversion: Why Neil isn’t a tequila fan? Note 1 trial learning. Bio prepared! Theories and explanations? You betcha! Pavlov says the process is stimulus substitution. Cognitive psychologists (Rescorla) believe there must be an expectancy created by the CS/UCS pair. Operant Conditioning? What’s that? Thorndike’s cats in boxes helps him establish the “Law of Effect”. Skinner continues the trend with rats in boxes. • What do we mean by a reinforcer? • Some reinforcers are primary? • Some reinforcers are secondary? Gold star • How are they different from a punisher? • Both things can be either positive or negative? (+ = present & neg = take away). What sorts of things affect how quickly or long lasting operant learning works? • • • • Continuous reinforcement. Simple and fast Partial reinforcement. Slower but steady Fixed intervals work pretty well for work. Variable intervals work against gamblers Anything else important to consider? 1. 2. Speed matters (like with CC), but now we need a speedy delivery of the reinforcer. We need to make sure we are reinforcing the correct response ONLY! Enough about Reinforcement. What about Punishment? • 1. 2. 3. • • Punishment reduces the likelihood that a response gets repeated. May be + or It works best if it is intense or severe (uh oh) It needs to be consistent (creates gambling) Even when it works results often temporary It may create fear, avoidance, anxiety, lying and/or animosity It teaches violence. Kids spanked at age 3 are more likely to be violent at age 5. Anything else about Operant Conditioning? • • • • • A Discriminative Stimulus works as a cue to direct us toward certain behavior (cops!) Behavior Modification allows us to target certain behaviors (to increase or decrease) Shaping allows us to gradually teach someone a very complex behavior (chain?) Token economies allow us to skimp on reinforcers Some behavior is biologically constrained What about THINKING?!? • • • • • • Cognitive Theorists focus on mental processes Tolman discovers rats show latent learning and develop cognitive maps Kohler discovers that chimps (like Sultan) use insight to problem solve Seligman discovers that dogs can learn helplessness and mimic depression Humans can learn to control HR, BP, GSR & peripheral blood flow using Biofeedback... and We can learn to control specific brain activity or patterns using Neurofeedback Any other learning stuff happenin’? • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. Bandura discovers that kids go beyond vicarious conditioning to modeling the behavior of others… sometimes. Do we need to worry about violent video games? Four Keys to Observational Learning Attention: must notice the model’s behavior Memory: must store & retrieve information Imitation: must be able to do the behavior Motivation: no desire… no luck