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Review questions: Week 1 Nonet – cell biology Nonet – axon transport Monk – Glia • In the future I will try to include notes/outlines of key points. A couple of these lectures are so broad that that would be difficult. Hopefully these questions give you a better idea of what you are actually expected to know. Practice questions • I apologize in advance for any typos or poorly worded questions. • I will post answers to these later and change any mistakes we find. • The resting membrane potential of neurons is _________ (positive/negative) relative to the extracellular space. • The intracellular potassium (K+) concentration is ______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration at rest • The intracellular sodium (Na+) concentration is ______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration at rest • The intracellular chloride (Cl-) concentration is ______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration at rest • The intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration is ______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration at rest • During the rising phase of the action potential ________ (Sodium/Potassium) enters the cell _________ (hyperpolarizing/depolarizing) the cell. During the falling phase of the action potential, ________ (Sodium/Potassium) exits the cell, _________ (hyperpolarizing/depolarizing) the cell. rising falling • What are the 3 major components of neural tissue (cell types and stuff) • Nervous systems can be organized into 3 basic components (according to Nonet). What are they? • What is the major excitatory transmitter of the CNS? • What is the major inhibitory transmitter of the CNS? • What is another common inhibitory transmitter? • What is the primary neurotransmitter at mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs)? What do these words mean? • • • • • • Glutamatergic GABAergic Cholinergic Adrenergic Dopaminergic etc • GABAergic neurons are typically – Motor neurons – Sensory neurons – Interneurons – Projection neurons • What are the 4 criteria for a something to be classified as a neurotransmitter? • Why was it difficult to demonstrate that glutamate is a neurotransmitter? • Metabotropic receptors are _______(faster/slower) acting than ionotropic receptors • Why? • Neuromodulators typically activate ________ (ionotropic/metabotropic) receptors • ________ (nicotinic/muscarinic) acetylcholine receptors are ________ (ionotropic/metabotropic) receptors activated to cause muscle contraction • ________ (nicotinic/muscarinic) acetylcholine receptors are ________ (ionotropic/metabotropic) receptors found on heart muscle that lead to the slowing of the heart rate through a cAMP mediated signaling cascade • What are the 4 principles of the neuron doctrine • Name three types of cell-cell signaling • What does Dr. Nonet mean when he says that gap junctions can be “rectified”? You should be able to label this Is this a CNS or a PNS neuron? How can you tell? • Give a broad overview of evoked transmitter release in just a few steps, starting with an action potential in the presynaptic neuron • Compare and contrast typical CNS and NMJ synapses? • Why might you want each that way? Give an example and explain why for each one you choose • Name the three major components of the cytoskeleton in neurons • Neurofilaments are _______ (microfilaments/ intermediate filaments/microtubules) and a major determinant of axon caliber • Microfilaments are composed of – Spectrin – Tubulin – Spastin – Actin – Katanin Choose 1 or more • Microtubules are composed of – Spectrin – Tubulin – Spastin – Actin – Katanin Choose 1 or more • Which cytoskeletal component forms the structure of the axon initial segment as well as growth cones during development – Microfilaments – Intermediate filaments – Microtubules • Kinesins carry cargo along – Microfilaments – Intermediate filaments – Microtubules Choose 1 or more • Dyneins carry cargo along – Microfilaments – Intermediate filaments – Microtubules Choose 1 or more • Are there more types of Kinesins or Dyneins? • The ______ (+/-) end of microtubules grows more quickly than the ______ (+/-) end • Which of the following transport cargo along microtubules – Dynamin – Myosin – Kinesin – Actin – Dynein Choose 1 or more • Kinesins travel towards the _____(+/-) end of microtubules, while dyneins travel towards the _______(+/-) end. • Motors are usually auto-inhibited by interactions between their tail and motor domains. What removes this inhibition? • T/F The plus end of microtubules always points down the axon, while the minus end always points down the dendrites • Curare, a toxin found in poison frogs, causes death by asphyxiation due to paralysis of the diaphragm (and other muscles). It is an antagonist of which type of receptor – Glutamate receptor (GluR) – Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (mAChR) – Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) – GABA receptor (GABAR) • To terminate transmission, glutamate and acetylcholine are cleared from the synapse by two different mechanisms. How is each removed from the synapse? • Which of the following types of receptors are activated by glutamate? – Kainate receptors – AMPA receptors – NMDA receptors – GABAa receptors – GABAc receptors Choose 1 or more • Channels opened by the binding of GABA to GABA receptors are primarily permeable to – Potassium – Chloride – Sodium – Calcium – Cation non-selective • Channels opened by the binding of Glutamate to Glutamate receptors are typically primarily permeable to – Potassium – Chloride – Sodium – Calcium – Cation non-selective • Channels opened by the binding of Acetylcholine to Acetylcholine receptors are typically primarily permeable to – Potassium – Chloride – Sodium – Calcium – Cation non-selective Monk • What is the defining characteristic of a neuron and what are all neural cells that lack this property called? • Which of the following are found in the CNS – Oligodendrocytes – Astrocytes – Schwann Cells – Microglia Choose 1 or more • Which of the following regulate neurovascular interactions? – Schwann cells – Astrocytes – Microglia – Oligodendrocytes Choose 1 or more • Which of the following myelinate CNS axons? – Oligodendrocytes – Astrocytes – Schwann Cells – Microglia Choose 1 or more • Which of the following myelinate peripheral axons? – Oligodendrocytes – Astrocytes – Schwann Cells – Microglia Choose 1 or more • Which of the following are phagocytic immune cells? – Oligodendrocytes – Astrocytes – Schwann Cells – Microglia Choose 1 or more • Which of the following promote synapse formation and/or maturation in the CNS? – Oligodendrocytes – Astrocytes – Schwann Cells – Microglia • What is one way in which your selection or each of your selections does this? • What are two ways to increase action potential conduction velocity? • Why does myelination increase conduction velocity? • Why does increasing axon diameter increase conduction velocity? • If the Monk lab was looking for a genetically tractable model organism to study myelination that was easier to work with than mice, why did they choose fish and not flies or something? • Which of the following does not arise from the ectoderm during development – Oligodendrocytes – Astrocytes – Schwann Cells – Microglia Choose 1 or more • Astrocytes communicate with each other via… • Name three functions of astrocytes • Astrocytes – Regulate extracellular K+ – Remove excess glutamate – Regulate extracellular Na+ – Supply neurons with glutamate – Supply neurons with glutamine – Control local blood flow – Transport glucose to neurons – Transport oxygen to neurons Choose 1 or more • What are the 3 components of the tripartite synapse? • What are at least two benefits of myelination? • Describe the experiment that showed it was the inner lip of Schwann cells that moved around the axon and not the outer lip • T/F A single Schwann cell can myelinate multiple axons while an oligodendrocyte can only myelinate one. • T/F Peripheral axons are more capable of regenerating following injury than CNS axons • T/F Myelin promotes axon regeneration following injury