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BodyBlueprints 60MinuteHealthand LifeScienceLesson Science-to-Go!Program Grades: 6 – 8 TEACHERGUIDE BodyBlueprints:TheBasicsofHeredity Description Investigate the basics of heredity and discover how the genes you inherited from your parents determine much of who you are.ReviewthestructureofDNAtoseehow genetic information is organized. Find out which students have dominant or recessive traits by conducting experiments with your class. Museum specimens from our Hamann-Todd Human Osteological Collection (the world’s largest documented collection of modern human skeletal remains!) are used to illustrate how our conceptsofhumantaxonomyhavechanged sincetheadventofDNAtechnology. Objectives • Identifycellsasthebasicunitoflife,and deoxyribonucleicacidasthemolecule withinacellnucleusthatprovidesthe instructionsforlifeprocesses. • Describethecharacteristicsofan organismintermsofacombinationof inheritedtraits • Understandthatinsexualreproduction aneggandspermcellunite,withsome traitsbeinginheritedfromeachparent, sotheoffspringisnotidenticaltoeither parent. • Recognizethatsimilaritybetween parentandoffspringcanbeeither inheritedorlearned • UseaPunnettSquaretopredictpossible inheritedtraitsinoffspring Ohio’sLearningStandards Grade6:LifeScience-CellulartoMulticellular • Cellsarethefundamentalunitoflife. • Allcellscomefrompre-existingcells. • Cellscarryonspecificfunctionsthatsustainlife. Grade8:LifeScience-SpeciesandReproduction • Thecharacteristicsofanorganismarearesultofinheritedtraitsreceivedfrom parent(s). NationalHealthEducationStandards Grade6-8:Standard1 • Studentswillcomprehendconceptsrelatedtohealthpromotionanddisease preventiontoenhancehealth. HowtoSetUpYourRoom • • • • • • Pleasehavestudentscleartheirdesksbeforetheprogrambegins. Printacopyoftheattached“Genes,Traits,Alleles,andInheritance”handoutforeach student—wewillbeusingitduringourprogramtotestsomestudenttraits. Pleaseprovideanemptydeskorsmalltableforthemuseumeducatortosetupdisplayitems. UsethevocabularyandadditionalresourcesprovidedinthisTeacherGuidetopreviewor reviewprogramcontentwithyourclass Ifbookingmultipleprograms,transitionswillbeeasierifmuseumstaffsetsupinonlyone location. Yourmuseumeducatorwillbebringingapowerpointpresentation,laptopandprojector. Pleasemakesurethereisanelectricaloutletavailableaswellasablankwalltoprojectthe images.Alternatively,wearetypicallyabletoconnecttoanexistingprojectorsystemif available. Vocabulary allele-alternativeformofagene. cell-thebasicstructuralandfunctionalunitofalllivingthings;theymayexistasindependent unitsoflife,suchasbacteria,ormayformcoloniesortissuesasinhigherplantsandanimals. chromosome-apacketoftightlywoundDNAfoundwithinacellnucleus. deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)-thematerialfoundprimarilyinacell’snucleusthatcarriesthe instructionsformakingallthestructuresandfunctionsofanorganism. diploid-cellscontainingtwocopiesofeachchromosome,onefromeachparentorganism. dominant-anallelethatexpressesitselfevenwhenheterozygous.Alsothetraitcontrolledby thatallele. gene-asectionofDNAthatdeterminesaninheritedcharacteristic. genetics-thefieldofsciencethatlooksathowtraitsarepasseddownfromonegenerationto another,throughthegenes. genotype-thegenesthatanorganismpossesses. heredity-thetransmissionofcharacteristicsfromparenttooffspring,bymeansoftheirgenes. heterozygous-havingdifferentallelesforaparticulargene. homozygous-havingsameallelesforaparticulargene. nucleotide-subunitsthatjointogetherinlongchainstomakeDNA,knownasadenine(A), cytosine(C),guanine(G),andthymine(T). nucleus-centralpartofacellthatcontainschromosomes;controlcenterofthecell. phenotype-observabletraitsofanorganismthatmaybedeterminedbygenes,environmentora combinationofboth. Punnettsquare-adiagrammaticrepresentationofcrossbreedingusedtopredicttheprobable offspringofasetofparents. recessive-anallelethatisnotexpressedintheheterozygouscondition.Alsothetraitcontrolled bythatallele. trait-adistinguishingcharacteristicorfeature. ExtensionActivities 1) After our program, you can use the “Genes, Traits, Alleles, and Inheritance” handout to continueadiscussiononthevisibletraitsoftheclass. 2) “Make-A-Baby”PunnettSquareActivity. a. Eachstudentneedstwopennies,apieceofpaper,andapencil. i. Havetheclassbrainstormalistoftraitsforhumans.Youcanusesomefrom ourprovidedworksheets,orhavefuninventingsillyones.Writethismaster list on the board. An example could be “free ear lobes vs. attached ear lobes”. ii. Determine which of your traits are dominant or recessive. Mark each one on the board so all the students are using the same rules of genetic inheritancefortheir‘babies’. b. Have the students now draw their ‘baby’ by going down the list of traits and determining which one their baby inherits by flipping their pennies. Heads = dominant, Tails = recessive. Remind them that the only way their babies can expressapurerecessivetraitisbyhavingbothpennieslandtails-up. OnlineResourcesforTeachersandStudents Clickthelinkbelowtofindadditionalonlineresourcesforteachersandstudents.Thesewebsites are recommended by our Museum Educators and provide additional content information and somefun,interactiveactivitiestosharewithyourclass. CMNHEducatorsregularlyreviewtheselinksforquality.Webaddressesoftenchangesoplease notifyusifanylinkshaveissues. ClevelandMuseumofNaturalHistoryhttps://cmnh.org/edlinks EducatorResourceCenter(ERC) MaterialsforLoan TheEducatorResourceCenteroffers educatorworkshops,thematicteaching kits,animaldioramas,andmoreforloanto areateachers. ContacttheERCat216-231-2075for informationonindividualorschool membership. VisittheMuseum’sERCwebsiteformore informationonworkshops https://www.cmnh.org/ERC Ifyou’reinterestedinadditionalresources besuretocheckoutthefollowingERC materialsorbrowseERCmaterialsonlineat http://cmnh.hosting.l4u.com RelatedERCkitsrelatedtothistopicinclude: Dive into the gene pool: Explore DNA and reproduction with experiments on genetics, the gene pool, and asexual reproduction. This kit also includes a 3D DNA model and severalresourcesonevolution. Hours o MondaythroughFriday,1to5PM o Wednesday,1to6PM o Saturday,9AMto2PM Body Blueprints Genes, Traits, Alleles and Inheritance Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. Proteins then combine to make traits that we can observe. Like many organisms, humans have two copies of DNA molecules in their cells. One copy comes from the male parent, and one copy comes from the female parent. There can be many different versions, or alleles, of the same gene, but only one of these versions in any given pair of genes will turn on to signal production of the protein for that trait. The process that determines which allele gets expressed is called dominance. Dominant alleles are commonly denoted using capital letters, such as “H” for curly hair, while a matching lower case letters represents recessive alleles, e.g. “h” for straight hair. Alleles that are dominant will be expressed whenever they are present in a pair, so “HH” and “Hh” gives curly hair, while recessive versions of genes signal protein production only when paired with a matching recessive allele for that trait, or “hh” for straight hair. Geneticists use knowledge of dominance and gene variation to study how traits are passed on from parents to offspring. This is called inheritance. Our Favorite Genes This table lists several human traits that have dominant and recessive alleles. Use this information to find out who has dominant and/or recessive traits. Trait Hair curl Hair whorl on crown of head direction Roll tongue Hairline Dominant Curly Recessive Straight Clockwise Counter-clockwise Can roll tongue Widow's peak Can't roll tongue No widow's peak Facial dimples Ability to taste PTC Earlobe shape Hair on mid-digit of fingers Bent end of thumb when extended Little finger bends to middle when extended Shape of chin Eyebrow size Eyebrow shape Facial dimples Able to taste PTC Earlobe hangs, free lobe No facial dimples Unable to taste PTC Earlobe attaches at base Have mid-digital hair No mid-digital hair No bend when extended Bends when extended, “Hitchhiker's thumb” Bent tip of little finger Straight tip of little finger Cleft chin Broad brows Separated eyebrows No cleft chin Slender eyebrows Joined eyebrows Shape of eyes Freckles Position of thumb when interlocking fingers Almond eyes Freckles Left thumb on top of interlocking fingers Round eyes No freckles Right thumb on top of interlocking fingers Produced and published by the Education Division, Cleveland Museum of Natural History 1 Wade Oval Drive, University Circle, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767. Revised 4/21/16.