* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download PsychAP Notes pt 11
Eating disorders and memory wikipedia , lookup
Memory disorder wikipedia , lookup
Addictive personality wikipedia , lookup
Factitious disorder imposed on another wikipedia , lookup
Selective mutism wikipedia , lookup
Autism spectrum wikipedia , lookup
Treatments for combat-related PTSD wikipedia , lookup
Death anxiety (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Major depressive disorder wikipedia , lookup
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Bipolar disorder wikipedia , lookup
Bipolar II disorder wikipedia , lookup
Personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Schizophrenia wikipedia , lookup
Eating disorder wikipedia , lookup
Claustrophobia wikipedia , lookup
Anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Munchausen by Internet wikipedia , lookup
Panic disorder wikipedia , lookup
Conduct disorder wikipedia , lookup
Depersonalization disorder wikipedia , lookup
Social anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Schizoaffective disorder wikipedia , lookup
Obsessive–compulsive disorder wikipedia , lookup
Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Mental disorder wikipedia , lookup
Antisocial personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup
Psychological trauma wikipedia , lookup
Social construction of schizophrenia wikipedia , lookup
Separation anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Treatment of bipolar disorder wikipedia , lookup
Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Generalized anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Spectrum disorder wikipedia , lookup
Causes of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Narcissistic personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders wikipedia , lookup
Child psychopathology wikipedia , lookup
History of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
PsychAP Notes pt 11 More known as Psychological Disorders rather than Abnormal Psychology because we need to define normal to have something abnormal. Also, if psychological disorders are so common, how can it be abnormal? The AP still refers to Psychological Disorders as Abnormal Psychology. Just something to take note of. Defining abnormal behaviors and psychological disorders: we have to start with understanding what makes things psychologically abnormal. One way to define it is through the Statistical Frequency Approach, which would imply that something is abnormal if the behavior happens infrequently in relation to the general population. You have to be careful about this. Being a CEO, living in North Dakota, having a bird as a pet, meaning everything is abnormal. That is the danger in the statistical frequency approach. Here’s the second way to define it. The Social Norms Approach. We’re working the word normal into there. What deviates from accepted social standards. Thus, being a CEO and earning a PhD are not abnormal because they are socially accepted. However, it changes and there are cultural differences. Some cultures in Europe men hug and kiss each other when they meet. In some tribes stealing from your neighbor gives you status. In certain cultures jealousy is a good thing. The norm changes from a cultural standpoint. Time, too. 40 or 50 years ago you didn’t see people wearing earrings. In the 80’s there were a lot more people wearing them. The best way to describe a disorder is if you can’t function in society. This is the Maladaptive Behavior Approach. The other two are problematic. If the behavior interferes with the person’s ability to function as a person or in society. If someone washes their hands every five minutes and their hands are bleeding and they can’t focus for more than five minutes, then it’s maladaptive. When alcohol addiction becomes maladaptive, it qualifies as a psychological disorder. There are words we want to avoid: crazy, nuts, psycho, deranged, etc. We want to use mentally ill, unstable, suffering from a psychological disorder. The client is suffering from a psychological disorder. It says that it’s temporary or curable. It says that it’s a person who is suffering rather than a crazy guy. The word insane is only used in a legal setting. It is a legal term for mentally disturbed people who are not considered responsible for their criminal actions. It is not used in a clinical setting. You should not see this word at any point in your book or on the AP unless you are specifying a legal situation. Those found insane often spend more time in mental institutions than they would have in prison. If they’re insane, it’s a severe psychological problem. Maybe it’s a person in a mental institution that their insurance ran out. They left the mental institution and found themselves unable to function in society and rob a convenience store. Do they end up in a mental institution for the criminally insane? Models of the Causes of Psychological Disorders – different that defining abnormal psychology. We’re going to talk about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to think about these models. Correlated with repetition, making everything neat. We need to differentiate obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are more of a thought, compulsions are more of an act. If a guy meets a woman and falls in love with her it does not qualify as an obsession. OCD is dealing with intrusive and reoccurring thought, and typically unwanted. People who suffer know that they don’t need to but they believe that it is out of their control. It’s an anxiety disorder. People who wash their hands 100 times a day have anxiety issues about germs. Hoarding is considered a compulsion. People who are secretaries sometimes have OCD because they know where everything goes. The Biological Model. In this model, mental disorders are diseases. They are caused by physiological disfunctioning. OCD seems to be associated with low levels of serotonin. So they give people serotonin to deal with OCD. It can also be caused by head trauma or epilepsy. You can be genetically predisposed to getting OCD. A psychiatrist is most likely to use this. The Psychoanalytic Model (Freud unconscious conflicts). OCD is seen as a control issue. It suggests that unconscious events or conflicts have led to the disfunctioning. If a child has a lot of conflict with getting potty trained, the person may be overcontrolling later in life. Frued thought that OCD was selfinduced, that people were punishing themselves because of their inability to poop. The secretary earlier is described as being anal-retentive. When it becomes maladaptive it is considered a disorder. The Cognitive-Behavioral Model entails how we think and learn. Distorted thinking and learning processes. Disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving and thinking. Distorted learning processes have led to the disorder. Specifically with OCD, maybe it relieves anxiety. This conditioning leads to a continuation of doing. The Diathesis-Stress Model is the one we talk about the least. It has to do with a biological predisposition to disorder which is triggered by stress. This model does not apply to all disorders. There is a genetic predisposition to Schizophrenia. A traumatic life will trigger that genetic predisposition. If they get assaulted or are in a car accident or take a lot of drugs, it may trigger the disorder. The Systems Theory (biopsychosocial model) is a model in which biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce psychological disorder. Did that person have a biological predisposition and did they think about it a lot? These factors combine to produce a disorder. Diagnosing and the DSM. The DSM is the primary and only diagnostic manual. It is used for diagnosing mental disorders. It is currently the DSM IV TR (4th edition, Text revision). The new revision will come out by the time the 2013 AP, and will be called the DSM 5. It is as important to psychiatrists as the U.S. constitution is to Americans and the bible is to Catholics. It is about diagnosing everything. It does not speculate the causes. It is strictly the diagnosis of it. The clinician should know the past causes. It’s an important book, but is also controversial. Psychologists have certain viewpoints and can disagree. It doesn’t leave room for the grayness of psychology. Once a diagnosis is forced upon a clinician, the insurance companies will back their patient. Stereotyping and trying to find insurance follows. Suddenly when someone is diagnosed as clinically depressed, they get this label on them that can get a person or other people thinking in different ways. Things you see in the book are not things of mental illnesses. It has to do with trouble falling asleep. The more it’s structured, the more controversial it gets. If everyone is using the same book, it creates a medium for knowing what the symptoms of some thing are. It puts researchers and clinicians on the same page. The article from the reading was the lead writer on the DSM. In the article he says that it’s bullshit. He says that you can’t diagnose. These concepts are virtually too impossible to draw bright lines. The way they defined some disorders, the diagnosis for some diseases skyrocketed. The main guy expressed his regrets. He points how the guy who wrote the part on bipolar disorders gets a lot of money from pharmaceutical companies. Mood Disorders. If we’re going to talk about anxiety disorders, we have these subgroupings. Mood Disorders include Depression. As it turns out there is no diagnosis of depression in the DSM. All diagnoses of depression start with what’s called a major depressive episode. The word depressed gets thrown around. Sad, dejected, feeling bad. It is an intense, unrealistic sadness affected numerous aspects of a person’s functioning. This unrealistic intense sadness needs to be occurring for two weeks to be a major depressive episode. A couple things that are changed by this depression: sleep (not wanting to wake up every day), appetite (weight gain or weight loss. If a person already gets a lot, it’s not an issue. It a person eats a lot more and stops eating, we have a change of appetite), motivation, sociability (isolating oneself more), focus (decision making, cognitive functioning), lack of energy, loss of pleasure (they don’t like to do the things they like to do), suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide. If a person has reoccurring thoughts and belief that they wouldn’t be there anymore). The BIG FOUR are Sleep, Appetite, Social Isolation, and Suicidal Ideation. Changes in those ideas. If a person has one or more depressive episodes in their lifetime, then from a technical aspect, they have major depressive disorder. Let’s say a person has one. And they get the diagnosis and they get the treatment and don’t have an episode. Technically they’ve met the criteria for a major depressive disorder. A person has been detoxing from heroin use. They’re going to have these issues, but it’s not from depression, it’s from something out. The important one is greivement. Maybe someone close died. Maybe it’s from trauma. When we talk about depression and major depression, neither of those are a technical clinical term. The clinical term is called the major depressive disorder. Some people have a milder depression. It’s longer lasting. It’s similar symptoms but not as intense. Dysthymic Disorder is another type of mood disorder. It is less intense, but over a period of two years. How is depression commonly treated? Therapy and medication. These medications increase serotonin. SSRI’s increase serotonin. They inhibit the uptake so serotonin is more active. For someone who is on medication, these symptoms may be alleviated. Therapy: changes in lifestyle. Hygiene, eating, exercise. The therapy for depression is a cognitive therapy: changes in thinking. Other than low levels of serotonin, this can happen from other things. Failing a course can make people believe that they are failures in life and will make them sad. Then it starts a chain that people don’t want to hang out with him because he is depressed. Cognitive Therapy wants to break that cycle. If a person has gotten into an expectation of failure, cognitive therapy is supposed to catch that and stop it. Typically SSRI’s take 2 weeks. Some of the feelings could be alleviated by more than one treatment. What is the advantage of anti-depressants? Fast, work within two weeks, cheaper. Best practice would ideally include both. Do you need to be on medication the rest of your life to feel not depressed? No. It’s to get through an episode. That’s where these things go hand in hand. One theory is that one person going into anti-depressants and then at some point they start to think differently with cognitive therapy. Then once the person is off medications they can continue cognitive therapy for a while. Antidepressants are not physiologically addictive. Van Gough, Dickens, Beethoven, Hemmingway. There is evidence that they suffered from Bipolar Mood Disorder. It consists of two parts. People who have been diagnosed have had at least one major depressive episode (lasting two weeks). They will have also had a manic episode (lasting one week), periods of mania (high energy levels, high confidence, conquer anything, etc). A person in a manic episode has increased energy, a less of a need for sleep, an increased self-esteem, better mood, higher distractibility, racing thoughts, unusual talkativeness (probably the most noticeable change), reckless behavior ++ (particularly financial or sexual, often the tipping point). You need three or more of these in a one-week period. People with bipolar mood disorder have times where things are normal. There are alternating periods of depressive and manic episodes mixed in with regularity. Bipolar Mood Disorder is referred to Manic Depression, more common in women than men, a very strong biological component. Beginning in the 1980’s there were studies with the Amish community. The Amish don’t drink and they do drugs. The symptoms of BMD are similar to those of alcohol. The overlap of drug use and BMD is common. Lithium is the most common treatment for BMD. Some people don’t like to stay on their medication. They see the major depressive episode when they go internal with the turmoil within and the manic episode is when they come out and produce their killer work. Some artists have been fueled by all these things. Lithium has a 75% success rate. Here comes more anxiety disorders. Characterized by anxiety or behaviors that reduce anxiety. Unexpected recurring panic attacks: Panic Disorder. A Panic Attack is like an episode but much more finite. People experience panic attacks. It entails a period of apprehension or terror accompanied by increased heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, nausea, and sweating. This seems very similar to a sympathetic nervous system reaction. The psychological symptoms include the fear of dying and the fear of losing control. Panic attack is the clinical term. Anxiety attack is probably more widespread but it’s not right. It can last up to an hour, peaks within ten minutes, and are unexpected and predictable: attached to a certain situation or object. There might be certain stressors or certain times of the year when it comes up more often but if it always occurred when a person went to the beach, it would probably be a phobia of beaches or sharks. Some people have one and don’t have another one again. To have the disorder, you must have reoccurring panic attacks. What is a phobia? An intense irrational fear. Things that people often fear are things not at all that bad. There are lots of different types of phobias. It is disproportionate to the actual danger. It must last at least six months to be a clinically diagnosed phobia. When is it maladaptive enough that it must be diagnosed? This guy who has a fear of elevators and heights and gets offered a job in the big city on the 67th floor. There are specific phobias: used to be known as simple phobias. It is triggered by an object or situation. It could be animals, snakes, sharks, natural environment (water, sunlight, heights, pollution), childhood onset, blood, needles, injections, (situational) bridges, airplanes, claustrophobia, etc. There are several hundred phobias. The DSM only rattles off specific phobias. The person recognizes that the phobia is unnatural. If someone believed that sharks are out to get him or her it would be another diagnosis. Shark attacks are unrealistic. None of this is in the DSM. Ballistophobia is the fear of bullets. Chromophobia is the fear of certain colors. Latin is generally pretty important. Ergophobia is the fear of work. Hemotophobia is the fear of blood. Ombrophobia is the fear of rain. Sphyllophobia is a fear of Syphillis. None of these are in the DSM. A Social phobia is a phobia having to do with the presence of people. If you are worried about being judged, it is a social phobia. If someone were afraid of spiders only when they are in the presence of people, then that fear would be a social phobia. The most common situations: eating in the presence of other people, public speaking, and meeting new people. Your knees might shake, you might tremble, it’s all about feeling this anxiety and the fear of scrutiny. These people find great discomfort in social situations. 7% of people who live in western cultures will sometime experience a phobia over a period of six months and 12% will experience it sometime in their life. On Handout 14-11, people with scores closer to 100 potentially have social phobias. If you have a social phobia around eating you wouldn’t go to the Hill School. A lot of people with social phobias with eating eat in their own rooms. The fear of public places is Agoraphobia: the fear of having panic attacks in a situation where they cannot escape. It makes people afraid to leave home or a small radius around their home. It would happen in crowded places: elevators, airplanes, trains, etc. In NYC there is this person who can get anything they need in the 3-block radius. That person doesn’t want to go to the dentist because the dentist is too long of a walk and they are afraid of being away from home. If something happens within that 3-block radius they can get back to safety within 5 minutes. They are often unwilling to leave their home or a small range around their home. If a person has a spouse that is willing to do all the grocery shopping then it works out. Another anxiety disorder is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Lots of people experience posttraumatic stress with anxiety. When does it become a disorder? First, it’s a traumatic experience where a person has experienced or witnessed a death or serious injury. It was first noted after WWI and they had “shell shock,” that loud noises would get the soldiers on edge. It is noted in combat situations. A key part to it becoming a disorder is 1) it lasts for 1 month and 2) an aspect of reliving the experience: in dreams or in flash-memories. They see visions of their combat friends. Intrusive recollections. The anxiety disorders cross over in OCD if they obsess about visions about their mangled friends, the fact that it’s reliving the event makes it PTSD rather than OCD. It can be triggered from internal and external cues. Other symptoms: potential suicidal ideation, hyper vigilance, etc. The book talks about post-traumatic growth. A person has a traumatic experience and it changes their viewpoint and it makes them a new person. A post-trauma anyone is going to have issues. If you were in a car accident, it would be reasonable that you would be on edge for a while. Post-trauma stress would happen to anyone. Growing and evolving from it is different. They call this a heightened startle response. HANDOUT 14-7: 405 intro psych students took it, the average was 48.8 (3 in the middle). Women scored on average higher than men. All anxiety disorders involve a sense of worrying. When worrying is the main issue then it is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). It involves prolonged, vague, and intense fears. Unrealistic worries: maybe the sense that something bad is going to happen. They know it is disproportionate to the actual event. People may have difficulty focusing. Acacdemics Thoughts on disorders: PTSD and GAD have similarities. They are both hyper-vigilant but one literally lives through an event. For PTSD there is an exaggerated startled response. There are no panic attacks in GAD, only excessive worrying, with no previous trauma. With OCD the acts and thoughts reduce anxiety. A mother is tormented that she might get germs on food (obsession). She uses rubber gloves, boils and sterilizes everything. Ritualistic – on his way to bed each night, the child walks a certain way to ensure that something doesn’t happen to his mother. Our third category is the schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia means “split mind.” It is not split in personality. For a while they mixed it with personality disorders. It is a split between emotional and intellectual uses in functioning. A person who goes through bizarre behaviors and cognitions as well as a significant departure from reality may be going through schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is known to be one of the most debilitating psychological diseases. Disorders of thought, perception, and movement: think back to Jerry and the movements the other men were doing. Symptoms occur for at least 6 months. THOUGHT: grandiose ideas (wanted to go to medical school), unorganized, delusions and unfounded false beliefs. If a person doesn’t talk about it then it’s not a problem. “The painting had a headache.” PERCEPTIONS: perhaps hallucination. Jerry didn’t talk about it. Hallucinations are generally, in schizophrenia, auditory (hearing voices). There are instances of visual, olfactory, and tactile hallucinations. There are in order of prevalence. Auditory comes out the most. MOVEMENT: some were rocking, playing with hair, lack of movement. There was catatonic movement (not doing anything, remaining immobile). A positive symptom: when something is happening that wasn’t happening before. It’s added. The talking, disorganized thoughts, mannerisms, confused thinking. Negative Symptoms: something’s missing: a deficit. Not oving, intellectual impairment, lack of speech, not wanting to be around people, a volition means a lack of motivation, loss of pleasure, lack of emotion. Positive symptoms have more of a prognosis. A person with positive symptoms typically respond to medication better. Sybtypes: grouping of symptoms of things. o Paranoid Schizophrenia: a person does not have to fall into one of the these subtypes. Mostly disorders in perception and thought: using common sense, having delusions of people trying to get you (persecution). Delusions of grandeur – angry, suspicious, argumentative. If you’re hearing things then you may be paranoid. If you’re in a big city and you see a homeless person talking to themselves, they will meet the criteria as a paranoid schizophrenic. They believe that the second coming is near. They are on the streets because of their symptoms. = o Disorganized Schizophrenia: higher functioning: more like child behavior. Confused, incoherent speech. Jerry wasn’t incoherent. Although it didn’t make sense it connected. Word salad: these people mix feelings and senses in a really disorganized sentence. Inappropriate smiling and giggling at things. The disorganized behavior (-) extreme neglect of appearance or hygiene. Bizarre ideas of one’s body: melting bones or kryptonite in side them. Disorganized Schizophrenia is harder to recover from. Childlike behavior, childlike speech, disorganized movement. When you think of catatonic, you think of not moving. There was this guy hunching over and still. That’s the hallmark; issues of immobility. There are periods of excessive and random movement. In some cases the person doesn’t speak. Catatonic Schizophrenia has different symptoms. One way to tell if a person has catatonic schizophrenia versus some other neurological disorder (or faking it). Waxy flexibility is the idea that you can move someone’s arm and they will stay in that position. They are a wax doll. If you were to ask someone with disorganized, “how do you comb your hair?” A person with schizophrenia will use their hand as a comb when it is clear that you have handed them a comb. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia does not fit any subtype. It is the most common diagnosis because it is a mix of everything: a pick and choose. Schizophrenia is not a disease of nurture by any means. The disorganized thought and speech, the idea about bizarre thing. There is some sort of statistic. 1 in 100 may develop schizophrenia at some point in their lives. In theory, 5 people at the Hill School should develop Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has a tremendous genetic factor. If anyone in their immediate family has it, they have a 10-12% chance of getting it. In the general population it is in families. Don’t send your potentially Schizophrenic kid to the Hill School with STRESS. They need to be monitored and less stressed than what goes on in boarding schools. Families with schizophrenia don’t stay in the upper class at all. People become schizophrenics toward the late teens and the early twenties. There are differentiating levels of severity. You have come across people who have had issues with schizophrenia but who have had mild flare-ups. Because the levels of severity are so wide-ranging. 4.5 Million were diagnosed in the United States in 2000. If it’s not in the family, it’s not going to happen. Schizophrenia does not seem to be limited to a certain cultural component, as much as it is with autism or depression. It is cross-cultural. Why is it happening and what causes it? The two things: Levels of Dopamine: connected with pleasure but not limited to it. It is a reason that people don’t like the medication because the medication decreases the total levels of dopamine. The medication helps treat the positive symptoms. You have these sacs in your brain full of fluid called ventricles. For whatever reason, enlarged ventricles seem to be common for people with schizophrenia. There are lots of theories as to why it may be but it is more of a correlation. What kind of treatment do we give? Anti psychotics, neuroleptics (the most common being Thorazine and Haloperidal). There are lots of different uses including a tranquilizing effect. High levels of thorazine is used for convulsions. Withdrawal of alcohol: has a common effect. The Psychiatric ward we saw: we can assume all of them are on thorazine. Finding the right therapeutic level: at high levels it can sedate them. Have the symptoms been alleviated or is the person just drugged up on high levels? Running a psychiatric ward would be a tough job. If you gave a lot of medication, it would calm things down. There is controversy over treating the symptoms or numbing people. The appropriate therapeutic dose is a fine line. Appropriate use can have anti-psychotic effects. Rule of Thirds and Rule of Quarters: the idea that a percentage of people will need to stay in a ward their entire lives. A percentage of people can live outside (in and out of a ward) and a percentage of people can run a normal life. Dissociate Disorders: there is a separation from reality that happens. Disorders in which some part of the personality seems separated from the rest. It might be a psychogenic disruption of memory and identity not due to an accident or some medication. It is characterized by a person having a disruption, split, or breakdown in his or her normal integrated self. It is often in response to extreme stress (sounds like PTSD and Schizophrenia). In PTSD the person relives the trauma. In a Dissociative disorder, their memory would disappear completely for a period of time: escaping from trauma. Dissociative Disorders include other disorders: dissociative amnesia, the loss of memory without a physical cause (psychogenic). It is beyond normal forgetness. It includes in the inability to recall important person information or events. WALTER WHITE said that he has dissociative amnesia when he goes out and wants his wife not to know. Whoops, this is the one that Walt had. Dissociative Fugue: disturbance marked by suddenly and unexpectedly traveling away from home or place of work and being unable to recall one's past. It involves flight from home and adoption of a new identity and amnesia for past events. What is actually a problem is Dissociative Identity disorder. It is commonly referred to as multiple personality disorder. People have different ways of thinking. There are different IQ scores. The person has several distinct personalities that emerge at different times. Two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its own patter of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world. Sometimes one personality knows about the other. The first personality is typically the person’s true identity. Is something validated if it is in the DSM? No, just a handful of people believe in it. Those who believe that Dissociative Identity Disorder does not exist believe that it is an extension of your existing self: that you act differently in different situations. Some people believe that it should be under the umbrella of PTSD. It comes out due to stress, etc. So far we have done: anxiety, mood, schizophrenic, dissociative, and now we are at somatoform disorders. First, we need to get into psychosomatic symptoms: real physical illness with psychological causes such as stress or anxiety. It’s real and medically viable. Research indicated that most, if not all, illnesses may have a psychosomatic component. Next, Somatoform Disorders are physical symptoms without any physical cause. It’s in the person’s head. If the doctor does all the tests and there’s nothing that comes up wrong about the person, then it becomes and feels real for the person. It is marked by a pattern of recurring, multiple, and significant bodily (somatic) symptoms that extend over several years. The assumption is that the person is not faking it. Conversion disorder is a key term in the book. In popular culture it is referred to as psychosomatic. It is a very dramatic, specific disability without physical cause (no organic cause can be identified). It refers to changing anxiety or emotional distress into physical, motor, sensory, or neurological symptoms. In theory, the person feeling a lot of psychological stress has a converting of that stress into a perceived physical stress. Their brains are firing in a way as though they are actually feeling pain. There is no indication that they are feeling pain. But it’s not just pain. What’s key with conversion disorder (very rare), not faking it, is that it’s often ONE specific thing. It might be unexplained blindness. Paralysis of certain body limbs, impaired balance. It’s in one area. It’s not like they’re jumping around from one area to another. The question is, is it in the person’s head? Hypochondriasis is something much more common. With this disorder minor symptoms are interpreted as a sign of a serious illness. A person may really have a sore throat, but they think they have throat cancer. The medical diagnosis does not back what they think they really have. It persists and these people go to different doctors. In some cases they might not want to go to a doctor because they don’t want to know that it’s illegitimate. There is some overlap with OCD. Know that somatoform disorders are areas in which the medical evidence is negligible. There are some more somatoform disorders that’s not necessary to get in to. Potential Causes of Somatoform Disorders o Psychoanalytic - Frued: symptoms related to traumatic experience in the past. If you believe that’s the case then the person needs to explore his/her unconscious. It would be hard to treat if there is no medical diagnosis. o Cognitive behavioral: the people like the attention. A clinician will examine what the reinforcement is and how it is being rewarded. o Biological perspective: may be real physical illness that are misdiagnosed or overlooked. Maybe the person is blind but they couldn’t figure it out and Dr. House figures it out. BOOM. Personality disorders is are final category. Obviously with multiple personality disorders it’s more chronic. It’s the way the person is and it’s not healthy. The way they act on a normal basis annoys other people. It’s not a flare-up. Personality disorders are hard to describe. There are six types of disorders. There are 10 personality disorders, you don't need to know all ten. The only one you need to know is Anti-Social Personality Disorder. You should know what makes something a disorder. A personality disorder is a disorder in which inflexible thinking and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving (learned in early life) cause distress in the person and/or conflicts with others. Ther words pervasive and longstanding come to mind. It’s hard to diagnose that there’s a problem. A person does not believe that there is a problem. About 3% of men and 1% of women have a personality disorder. The rate among prisoners is close to 50%. A lot of prisoners have anti-social disorder. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Not on the test There are three clusters of personality disorders o Eccentric Paranoid Disorder Schizoid Disorder: a loner who does not want to be in relationships Schizotypal Disorder o Fear-Based Avoidant Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder – it’s part of their personality Dependent Personality Disorder – lots of different things o Dramatic Histrionic: Regina George Narcissistic: self-important, manipulative, Regina George. Borderline – between psychotic and neurotic Antisocial Personality Disorder – disregarding and violating the rights of others.