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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2011
Psychological Disorders
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Other Disorders
Module 34
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Anxiety Disorders
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 Panic Disorder
 Phobias
 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
 Understanding Anxiety Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
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Dissociative Disorders
 Dissociative Identity Disorder
 Understanding Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Personality Disorders
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders are marked by distressing,
persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxietyreducing behaviors.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder is a disorder in which
a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in
a state of autonomic arousal.
People with this condition are often jittery,
agitated, and sleep-deprived. It is often, but not
always, accompanied by depressed mood.
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Panic Disorder
Panic disorder is marked by unpredictable
minutes-long episodes of intense dread which
may include feelings of terror, chest pains,
choking, or other frightening sensations.
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Phobias
Phobias are marked by a persistent and irrational
fear of an object or situation that disrupts
behavior.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is marked by
repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions
(compulsions) that cause distress.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be suffered
by war veterans as well as those who have survived
accidents, disasters, or assaults and is shown in the
following symptoms.
Haunting memories
2.
Nightmares
3.
Social withdrawal
4.
Jumpy anxiety
5.
Sleep problems
Bettmann/ Corbis
1.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Some researchers are more interested in the
resiliency of those who do not develop PTSD.
Surviving suffering can indeed lead to an
increased appreciation for life, more meaningful
relationships, increased personal strength,
changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
This positive outcome is called post-traumatic
growth.
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Explaining Anxiety Disorders
Freud suggested that we repress our painful
and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts,
resulting in anxiety.
Modern psychologists turn to two
contemporary perspectives: learning and
biological.
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The Learning Perspective
John Coletti/ Stock, Boston
Learning theorists
suggest that fear
conditioning leads to
anxiety. This anxiety
then becomes
associated with other
objects or events
(stimulus
generalization) and is
reinforced.
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The Learning Perspective
Investigators believe that fear responses are
inculcated through observational learning.
Young monkeys develop fear when they watch
other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
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The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn
to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals.
Therefor, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be
partly responsible for developing fears and
anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.
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The Biological Perspective
S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action
monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, 347-353.
Generalized anxiety,
panic attacks, and even
OCD are linked with
brain circuits like the
anterior cingulate cortex.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
of an OCD patient.
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Somatoform Disorders
A somatoform disorder is a psychological disorder
in which the symptoms take a bodily form without
a physical cause.
In the rare conversion disorder, a person
experiences specific, genuine physical symptoms
for which no physiological cause can be found.
In the relatively common hypochondriasis, people
interpret normal sensations as being symptoms of a
dreaded disease.
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Dissociative Disorders
In dissociative disorders conscious awareness
becomes separated (dissociated) from previous
memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Many people experience feelings of dissociation
on occasion without experiencing a disorder.
Facing a trauma, this detachment may even
protect a person from being overwhelmed.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a disorder in
which a person exhibits two or more distinct and
alternating personalities, formerly called multiple
personality disorder.
Chris Sizemore (DID)
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Understanding DID
Skeptics question the authenticity of DID because:
It may be a natural extension of normal capacity for
personality shifts.
It is a fairly recent and growing diagnosis, found
mostly in North America.
It may be a cultural phenomena, created by
therapists in a social context.
Others point to supportive evidence:
There are distinct brain and body states associated
with different personalities
May be a way of dealing with anxiety
May be associated with post-traumatic stress
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Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that
impair social functioning. They are usually
without anxiety, depression, or delusions.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
In antisocial
personality disorder
the person (usually a
man) exhibits a lack of
conscience for
wrongdoing, even
toward friends and
family members.
Formerly, this person
was called a sociopath
or psychopath.
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Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
Like mood disorders
and schizophrenia,
antisocial personality
disorder has biological
and psychological
reasons. Youngsters,
before committing a
crime, respond with
lower levels of stress
hormones than others
do at their age.
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Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced
activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study,
repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity
(Raine et al., 1999; 2000).
Courtesy of Adrian Raine,
University of Southern California
Normal
Murderer
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