Download UNIT 2 CELLS AND SYSTEMS

UNIT 2 CELLS AND SYSTEMS
TOPIC 1 LIVING ORGANISMS
FUNCTIONS TO STAY ALIVE:
LIVING ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY
LIVING ORGANISMS RESPOND AND ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIROMENT
LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
LIVING ORGANISMS GROW
LIVING ORGANISMS PRODUCE WASTES
CELL: basic unit of every system
TOPIC 2 MICROSCOPES AND CELLS
ANTON VVAN LEEUWENHOEK- invented microscope, first person to observe
organisms made of only one cell single celled organisms called “animalcules”
ROBERT HOOKE- described little boxes as cellulae, meaning “little rooms” first to give
use present day word “cell”
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN AND THEODORE SCHWANN- hypothesis that all
organisms are composed of cells (the cell is the basic unit of life)
RUDOLF VIRCHOW- contributed his ideas to Schleiden and Schwann about cell theory
-All living things are composed of one or more cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms
MAGNIFYING: makes object appear larger
MICROSCOPES: instruments that magnify objects
JAMES HILLIER AND ALBERT PREBUS- invented electron scanning microscope
HOW TO CALCULATE THE FIELD OF VIEW
Medium-power
Field of view
=
low-power
field of view
MULTICELLULAR- many celled organism
UNICELLULAR- single-celled organism
ORGANELLES- structure inside the cell
=
magnification of
low-power objective lens
Magnification of mediumPower objective lens
TOPIC 4 FLUID MOVEMENT IN CELLS
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE- allows only certain materials to cross it
PERMEABLE- lets all materials cross it
IMPERMEABLE- lets nothing cross it
DIFFUSION- the movement of particles in liquids and gases from an area of higher
concentration to and area of lower concentration (spreading out process)
OSMOSIS- the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
VASCULAR TISSUES- tissues found in plants that connect the roots to the leaves
PHLOEM TISSUE- transports sugars manufactured in the leaves to the rest of the plant
XYLEM TISSUE- conducts water and minerals absorbed by the root cells to every cell in
the plant
ROOT HAIR- on a plant root, an extension of a single epidermal cell. Water enters a
root hair by osmosis
TRANSPIRATION- loss of water from a plant through evaporation
TOPIC 5 CELL SPECIALIZATION AND ORGANIZATION
SPECIALIZED- in living things having different appearances and able to perform
different tasks
TISSUES- groups of cells having the same structure and function ex. Skin, nerve, muscle
ORGANS- group of tissues that work together to perform a function ex heart
SYSTEMS- organs work together to form system
TOPIC 6 BODY SYSTEMS IN HUMANS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE- breaks down food, absorbs food particles and eliminates wastes.
RESPIRATORY- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
CIRCULATORY- circulates blood, transports food particles, dissolved gases, and other materials
NERVOUS- controls and co-ordinates body activities. Senses internal and external changes
EXCRETORY SYSTEM-main function to filter waste materials from the blood key organs are
the kidneys
TOPIC 7 BODY SYSTEMS AND YOUR HEALTH
BLOOD COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTION
PLASMA
RED BLOOD CELLS 44%
55%
carries nutrients, waste products hormones,
and blood cells
carry oxygen
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
less than 1%
defend body against infection and disease
cause blood to clot (thicken) at site
PLATELETS
less than 1%
wounds to prevent blood loss
Blood pressure indicates several things about the health of the circulatory system for example
volume of blood, heart rate, artery size, artery elasticity, blood viscosity.
FOOD provides NUTRIENTS in the form of CARBOHYDRATE, FATS, PROTEINS,
VITAMINS, MINERALS AND WATER which provide ENERGY AND MATERIALS used for
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPAIR