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Glycolysis and Respiration A. The Catabolism of Carbohydrates 1. Glycolysis Partial oxidation of glucose to form pyruvic acid. A small amount of ATP is made. Some NAD is reduced to form NADH. The major glycolytic pathway in cells is the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway 2. Fermentation and Respiration: Two Possible Fates of Pyruvic Acid Examples of Fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation, Ethanol Fermentation 2. Fermentation & Respiration: Two Possible Fates for Pyruvic Acid Carbohydrate in Medium Transport proteins in Cell Wall or Plasma Membrane Carbohydrate inside Cell Various Enzymes Glucose or other Glycolytic Intermediates Glycolysis Pyruvic Acid (Partially oxidized) Two Possible Fates of Pyruvic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid is reduced to: a reduced organic acid (for example, lactic acid or mixed acids) or an alcohol (for example, ethanol or butanediol) OR Respiration Pyruvic acid is oxidized completely to CO2 Gases (CO2 or H2) may be produced Final electron acceptor is the organic derivative of pyruvic acid Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule, almost always O2, but some bacteria use nitrate, sulfate, or sulfur Oxygen is not required Oxygen is usually required No additional ATP are made Additional ATP are made 3. B. Stages of Respiration a. Preliminary Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is converted to Acetyl CoA and CO2 b. The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): The acetyl group is completely oxidized to CO2, with the formation of NADH and FADH c. The Respiratory Transport Chain: The energy in NADH and FADH is converted into ATP; NAD and FAD are regenerated. The Regulation of Glucose Metabolism 1. Allosteric Regulation of Phosphofructokinase 2. Glycogen Synthesis 3. Fatty Acid Synthesis