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Report No.: 35214
Colombia: Integrated National Adaptation Program
LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
Flood protection (80%); Health (20%)
P083075
Climate change
Conservation International Colombia
Conservation International Colombia as grant manager; IDEAM,
INS, INVEMAR and Coralina as implementing agencies.
[ ] A [X ] B [ ] C [ ] FI [ ] TBD (to be determined)
November 30, 2005 / February 7, 2006
November 21, 2005
July 18, 2006
1. Country and Sector Background
Global climate is changing rapidly. The Third assessment report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC’s Third Assessment Report, 2001) has concluded that with
the continuing emission of greenhouse gases, the Earth’s mean surface temperature will increase
between 1.5 to up to 5.8 degrees Celsius during the next 100 years. Preliminary findings of the
Fourth Assessment Report, due to be released by the year 2007, corroborate the range of the
projected increase1. A change of this magnitude is unprecedented and represents the most
serious challenge facing the global ecosystem. The IPCC´s Third Assessment Report
summarizes the anticipated climate changes, including warmer temperatures, alterations of the
hydrological cycle, drier soils, changes in weather extremes, rising sea levels, changes in
agricultural productivity and ecosystem composition. Many of these changes will restrict access
to natural resources and environmental goods and services, ultimately affecting both ecosystem
stability, and human well-being.
Colombia is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The first national
communication (NC1) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) indicates the high vulnerability of Colombia to the expected impacts from climate
change2 identifying high mountain habitats, insular and coastal areas and health as the areas of
primary concern. More recently, studies commissioned as part of the preparation of the second
communication and others have confirmed and indicated in more detail trends and impacts in
these areas. These vulnerabilities find echo in the findings of the IPCC. Major vulnerabilities
are described below:
1
The SRES scenarios have been criticized for overestimating future emissions; however, the Post-SRES literature
shows an even higher emission range (IPCC, FAR workshop, February, 2005)
2
Primera Comunicación Nacional al UNFCCC. IDEAM. 2001.

Highland Andean ecosystems are very vulnerable to climate change impacts. In
particular, fragile moorlands, unique to the Northern Andes, with endemic and abundantly
diverse flora and fauna, as well as with storage capacity for water and carbon in the soil are
expected to be seriously affected by increases in temperature. In some moorlands, IDEAM
has recorded a net increase of 0.2 - 0.3 °C per decade during the period 1961-1990 and a
decrease in monthly rainfall of between 2 to 3 mm per decade (IDEAM 3). Projections
recently made with the assistance of the Meteorological Research Institute (Japan) indicate
that this trend will worsen. Hydrological and temperature changes in the mountains would
result in a loss of global biodiversity (“no way up” for unique mountain species) and also in a
loss of much of the environmental goods and services provided by these habitats, especially
water supply, basin regulation, and associated hydropower potential. Many rivers that are
used to generate hydroelectricity in the region are fed by high altitude lagoons and snow
caps. Colombia’s power sector is particularly vulnerable, as two thirds of all power is hydrogenerated. Destruction of water regulation systems will contribute to a net decrease in the
hydropower potential of the country and therefore eventually lead to a higher level of GHG
from the power sector as it turns to thermal power capacity to make up for the difference.

Sea level and sea surface temperature increases will affect insular areas of the country.
The National University of Colombia analyzed possible impacts of a doubling of the Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) emissions between the years 2050 to 2080 and projects a sea level rise of 2 to
5 mm per year, and a temperature increase between 0.7 and 0.9 C for the western Caribbean,
in comparison to the averages for the period 1961-1990. These projections have been
confirmed by NCCAP Project executed by the Marine and Coastal Research Institute of
Colombia (INVEMAR)4 are in line with observations made under the Caribbean Planning for
Adaptation to Climate Change Project.5
Sea level increases will likely cause saline intrusion into aquifer-based freshwater supplies in
insular and coastal areas. Consequently, the freshwater systems and their biological diversity
will be severely affected. In addition, prognostic modeling of small islands has identified
major population displacement as one of the main threats of climate change. By 2060,
models have predicted a rise of 40 cm in the San Andres Archipelago. In San Andres Island,
for example, the NC1 estimates a loss of 17% of land area, including most of the coastal zone
by 2060 (50 cm increase in sea level). If no action is taken, small islands with dense
populations and a lack of interior land on which to relocate coastal communities, will suffer
social destabilizing impacts. Finally, the subsidence of reefs and atolls in the western
Caribbean may have implications on sovereignty of the oceanic area under domain.
Increases in sea surface temperature are linked to the bleaching of corals in the Caribbean
and are expected to induce a pole-ward shift of local fisheries. Higher sea surface
3
Páramos y Ecosistemas Alto Andinos de Colombia, en Condición Hotspot & Global Climate Tensor. IDEAM 2002
4 “Defining vulnerability of bio-geophysical and social-economic system due to sea level change in the Colombian coastal zone
(Pacific and Caribbean) and adaptation measures”, which was a significant input to the First National Communication to the
climate change convention (UNFCCC).
5
Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change Project. Implementation Completion Report. World Bank.
2003.
temperature is already threatening the viability of corals in the western Caribbean 6, much of
it located in the Colombian territorial sea, which constitute the nursery of an estimated 65%
of fish species in the area. Coral beds in the western Caribbean, in particular at remote atolls
and reefs are unique and include endemic species of global biodiversity value. Coral losses
will result in loss of biodiversity, an increase of vulnerability of coastal areas and serious
threat to food security of island human population.

Climate change is causing increased exposure to tropical vector diseases. The two
mosquito-borne diseases with the largest global impact on human health and well-being,
dengue and malaria, have recently reemerged as significant public health burdens in
Colombia. In the case of malaria, incidence during epidemic years increased from less than
15 per 10,000 inhabitants in 1964 to 58 in 1983 and almost 156 in 1998 (Sistema Nacional de
Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA), Ministry of Health). With regards to dengue,
Colombia had is first case of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in 1989. Since nation-wide
dengue surveillance began in the 1990s, there is a clear increasing trend in transmission, with
a four-fold increase from 1997 to 2002, year in which 81,831 Colombians fell ill to dengue
and DHF (SIVIGILA, Colombian National Health Institute (INS)/MPS).
Almost half of the population in Colombia, over 20 million people, live in areas where mean
temperatures range between 15-26°C, well within the range of dengue and malaria vectors.
Within this area, an increase in mean temperatures of 2°C, is likely to result in an increase in
of the exposure to both diseases. Moreover, climate change also has the potential to
significantly increase epidemics in temperate climates that currently experience no
transmission. Accordingly, mountain populations that have largely escaped these diseases,
because of the effect of cold weather, are likely to see exposure to dengue and malaria
significantly increased. The implications for an already stressed health sector are serious.
Policies and measures that address climate changes need to be mainstreamed into national
sector policies to ensure their sustainability. The NC1 was approved by the National
Environmental Council (NEC), the highest decision making and coordinating body on
environmental matters. Furthermore, the NEC incorporated the recommendations of the NC1 in
the guidelines for a National Policy on Climate Change. However, further sensitization of policy
makers on the GCC issue is needed and consequently the integration of the climate dimension in
sector policies has yet to take place (health, energy, water supply).
Uncertain and insufficient information on GCC prevents the adoption of cost-effective
adaptation measures. The potential impacts and associated economic costs of GCC effects may
result in significant challenges to Colombia’s prospects for sustainable development. While
these impacts result from no action of its own (Colombia’s emission of greenhouse gases is
relatively low), urgent actions are required to document - with a higher level of certainty - the
anticipated impacts, and to formulate cost-effective policy actions and measures as well as
6
Climate Change impacts are already taken place. During the month of June 2005, Climatic changes that had never occurred
before have been observed: The surface sea temperature of the Caribbean Sea showed an increase by 2 C during several weeks.
This phenomena generated a massive bleaching of the coral reefs (between 70 and 90% of the registered coral coverage located
in a depth of less than 12 m) and lead to the mortality of a very special type of coral populations denominated “Acropora”
situated in the Rosario and San Bernardo islands.(INVEMAR, 2005).
implement key pilot adaptation measures. However, historical data and observations on climate
trends are not available, for local and regional areas of the country, sufficiently enough to
provide a basis on which to take decisions and make projections. In addition, climate
discontinuities and recent trends present anomalies that make correlation with the past difficult
and uncertain. Also, information on climate trends is barely in the public domain and there is
little awareness of local implications.
Institutional arrangements for vector disease control in Colombia are relatively weak. The
Colombian health sector has responded to the need for timely, locally adapted interventions
through the use of Basic Action Plans (BAPs), which grant autonomy to municipal and state
health authorities in the planning and administration of public funds for vector-borne diseases.
Nevertheless, other health sector reforms, such as the decentralization of a unified, vertically
oriented vector control program, have resulted in massive staff reductions and a decrease in
capacity building and supervision at the local level, thereby debilitating decision making and
surveillance of vector-borne diseases. Thus, BAPs have not been adequately exploited.
Deficiencies in local inter-sectoral partnerships and information flow within the health sector
itself have further compromised the viability and sustainability of interventions. However, one
promising aspect of health sector reform is the transfer of the National System of Public Health
Surveillance (SIVIGILA) from the Ministry of Health (MoH) to the National Institute of Health
of Colombia (INS) as of 2004.
2. Objectives
The project development objective is to support Colombia’s efforts to define and implement
specific pilot adaptation measures and policy options to meet the anticipated impacts from
climate change. These efforts will be focused on high mountain ecosystems, insular areas and on
human health concerns related to the expansion of areas for vectors linked to malaria and
dengue, as identified as priority areas in the National Communications and other studies.
Key performance indicators:
 Availability of continuous and reliable climate information of relevance to major climate
change vulnerabilities in health, mountain ecosystems and insular areas (157 climate stations
modernized), through data and analysis provided routinely by IDEAM
 Six pilot adaptation activities have been implemented and monitored, addressing
vulnerabilities to climate change in high mountain ecosystems, insular and coastal areas and
health, including:
o Maintenance of the hydropower generation ability, measured through sustained water
regulation of the Las Hermosas Massif on the Amoya river watershed.
o Adaptation program designed and incorporated in regional development plans for the
Las Hermosas Massif. Positive impacts on biodiversity and land degradation
documented.
o Adaptation program designed and incorporated in regional development plans for the
Colombian Caribbean insular areas including increased management performance of
key marine ecosystems and reduced vulnerability in water supply to local
communities; and
o Strengthened public health program incorporating management measures to meet the
increased threats from dengue and malaria induced by climate change resulting in a
30% reduction of Malaria and Dengue morbidity within the pilot areas by project
closure.
The project follows the operational guidelines for the Strategic Priority "Piloting an Operational
Approach for Adaptation" (SPA). The project is in accordance with the guidelines 2, 3, 6 and 9,
stating that activities to be funded should be pilots or demonstration projects integrated into
national sustainable development and poverty-reduction strategies. The project would include: (i)
activities within natural resources management context that generate global environmental
benefits, and (ii) adaptation measures that provide other major development benefits (e.g.
WEHAB, i.e. water, energy, health, agriculture, biodiversity).
The project activities aim at preventing degradation of global commons. For example, the
insular component focuses on conservation of globally important biodiversity in the Seaflower
reserve and the Marine Protected Area (MPA) Corales del Rosario, San Bernardo e Isla Fuerte in
order to contribute to the conservation of marine ecosystems. In the mountains habitats, the
project focuses on the area of Las Hermosas Massif, a highly diverse mountain biotope, seeking
to protect biodiversity, prevent land degradation and conserve environmental services linked to
the ability of the ecosystem to support hydropower generation.
The health component protects the global commons by addressing the increase in exposure to
tropical vector diseases associated with a warming climate, and therefore mitigates the social
and economic consequences of climate change. Colombia contributed almost 35% of reported
DHF cases in America during the period 1996-2004, and 25% of the continental malaria
transmission in 2003 alone (PAHO, 2005). A 30% reduction of dengue and malaria incidence in
selected pilot areas of Colombia will contribute to reducing the regional burden of both diseases
that largely affect children below 5 years old. In malaria endemic areas, for example, it is
estimated that nearly 25% of all mortality in children 0-4 years old can be attributed to malaria
(Sachs, 2002; Malaney et al, 2004). The health component directly addresses the Millenium
Development Goals of reducing infant and child mortality, reducing infectious diseases. Better
surveillance will improve assessment of transmission risk nation-wide, thus facilitating the
effective allocation of health resources and more cost-effective preventive responses. This
process, in turn, will provide information of global value on how to tackle anticipated increased
exposures to tropical vector diseases.
3. Rationale for Bank Involvement
1.
Rationale for Bank involvement. The last full Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) was
published in December 24, 2002. It considers three priorities: achieving fast and sustainable
growth; ensuring that all Colombians benefit from growth, particularly those living in poverty;
and building an efficient, accountable and transparent governance. This project contributes to
the CAS’ strategic focus on protection and conservation of strategic ecosystems, increasing their
adaptive capacity with regard to global climate change (GCC) impacts. Adaptation activities are
designed to strengthen local adaptive capacity, reducing risks and contributing to the adoption of
sustainable practices within current programs. Also, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
include as a key issue (under ensuring environmental sustainability) combating HIV/AIDS,
malaria and other diseases.
In addition, the project responds to the guidelines of the Strategic Priority on Adaptation (SPA),
a separate Global Environmental Facility (GEF)-funding mechanism for adaptation measures,
recently adopted by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCC and made available to
support the implementation of specific adaptation measures, clearly identified as national
priorities, to address impacts from climate change. The guidelines require the establishment of
“pilot or demonstration projects to show how adaptation planning and assessment can be
practically translated into national policy and sustainable development planning.” Colombia is a
fitting choice, as first country, to use this new instrument, given that key vulnerabilities to
climate change have been clearly identified and specific pilot measures to address these impacts
have been formulated in the context of development programs. The project will assist in the
implementation of pilot actions that would address unsustainable impacts of climate change.
The World Bank has been involved in climate change mitigation and adaptation projects and has
significant knowledge on the subject. Besides the wide range of its Climate Change projects
funded by the GEF, the Bank has been managing different carbon funds of about $US 1,000
million. Projects that are particularly relevant to the proposed project are the Colombia Amoyá
River Project for the high mountain habitat, the Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate
Change Project (CPACC) and the Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change Project
(MACC) in the Caribbean for the insular areas. Also the Bank’s extensive portfolio in the health
sector will complement and add a global overlay on the existing health sector strategy in the
country. The Bank also supports the GEF-funded project Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Biodiversity in the High Andes which intends to increase conservation, knowledge and
sustainable use of globally important biodiversity of the Colombian Andes. The project does not
address climate change issues. The proposed project would complement these activities on
biodiversity conservation in high mountain habitats by adding the climate change aspect. Other
GEF-funded project executed by the “Corporación para el desarrollo sostenible del Archipielago
de San Andres, Old Providence and Santa Catalina” (CORALINA) and implemented trough the
Bank is the “Colombia Caribbean Archipelago Biosphere Reserve: Regional Marine Protected
Area System” ( P023881). Within this project a large Marine Protected Area (65,000 km2), the
largest in the Americas, was declared and management and zoning plans were formulated to
ensure biodiversity, ecosystems and habitats protection within the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve.
The proposed project would complement these activities by incorporating the climate change
issue. The Bank’s portfolio in Colombia also includes activities in Disaster Management that are
complemented by the scope of the proposed operation.
Specifically under the PCF-funded Amoyá River Project, carbon revenues have been earmarked
to contribute to the conservation of the Paramo Las Hermosas, its source of water. Resources
allocated for conservation would support implementation of specific measures, which would be
complemented with the assistance of the proposed GEF project. Therefore the Amoyá project
would provide complementary resources for specific application of adaptation measures in a
local ecosystem. Likewise, the GEF project would contribute to the maintenance of the
mitigation potential of this ecosystem, through the generation of clean hydroelectric power. This
opportunity is unique and would likely constitute a global observatory for specific application of
adaptation measures on a highly vulnerable ecosystem that is also a sought source of clean
energy, supported through carbon finance, under the Clean Development Mechanism.
4. Description
Project components
a)
Making climate, climate variability, and climate change information available for
adoption of adaptation measures and policies (total cost $3.3 m; GEF funding $1.0 m). This
component seeks to strengthen Colombia’s capabilities to produce and disseminate climate
information (useful for resource allocation and operational decision making), in support of
adaptation to climate change measures and programs. The component will strengthen IDEAM’s
and INVEMAR’s capabilities to provide: (i) forecasts to improve resource management and
biodiversity conservation decisions in high mountain ecosystems; (ii) climate scenarios to
develop ecosystem management plans land conservation and adaptation options in Paramo,
insular and coastal areas; and (iii) warnings for Malaria and Dengue. Under the component, the
following activities will be supported: (i) improvements in technical and scientific capabilities at
IDEAM and INVEMAR to produce information relevant to climate change; (ii) development of
local climate change scenarios in support of selection of adaptation measures; (iii) strengthening
the existing climate data network of relevance to climate change by supporting equipment
renovation for 157 key climate stations (out of 3100 operated by IDEAM) with at least 20 years
of high quality data (for 1961-1990), including quality control and assurance; (iv) strengthening
scientific and technical personnel to ensure long term sustainability of the project activities.
b) Design and implementation of an adaptation program that supports maintenance of
environmental services (including hydropower potential) in the Las Hermosas Massif in the
central range of the Andes (total cost $4.3 m, GEF funding $1.6m). The Massif is the most
humid high altitude moorland in the planet, a highly diverse biotope of particular concern for
climate change impacts. It is also important for potential hydro-power generation. The selection
of the Massif was made on the basis of the significant biodiversity in the ecosystem, including
endangered or threatened species. The selection of Las Hermosas enables synergies between this
project and the Amoya River project, already approved, which seeks to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from the power sector. The component supports the following activities: (i)
Ecosystem planning and management in Las Hermosas Massif, seeking to maintain its high
biodiversity assets; (ii) Maintenance of potential for hydropower generation through adoption of
measures to protect the Amoya watershed; (iii) Adaptive land-use planning model seeking to
reduce impacts from climate change on land degradation. (iv) Improvement of productive agroecosystems and reduction of their socioeconomic vulnerability to GCC impacts
c)
Adaptation measures in Caribbean Insular areas (total cost $3.5 m, GEF funding
$1.2 m). The objective of this component is to support the implementation of physical
adaptation measures in order to reduce the vulnerability of the Caribbean Insular area, especially
with regard to changes in rainfall and temperature and sea-level rise. The activities under this
component consist of: (i) Implementation of GLOOS (Global Ocean Observing System)-based
monitoring stations in the Western Caribbean (complementing the regional network under
CPACC); (ii) Integrated water resources management to enhance the availability of fresh water
in the Caribbean insular areas (San Andrés island); (iii) Implementation of the marine protected
areas system in the Seaflower reserve and the Corales del Rosario, San Bernardo e Isla Fuerte
(CRSBeIF) in order to contribute to the conservation of marine ecosystems in the face of climate
impacts; and (iv) Integrated Coastal Management to reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems,
infrastructure and population living close to the coast.
d)
Responses to the increased exposure to tropical vector-borne diseases (malaria and
dengue) induced by climate change (total cost $6.1 m, GEF funding $1.0m). The objective of
this component is to address the increased exposure to tropical vector-borne diseases (malaria
and dengue) induced by climate change through the implementation of an Early Warning System
for Malaria and Dengue Surveillance and Control (DMEWS) seeking a 30% reduction in both
malaria and dengue morbidities in pilot areas, as a result of improvements in health management
and prevention of additional exposure caused by climate change. During the Integrated National
Adaptation Program (INAP), the DMEWS will be implemented in approximately 12 pilot
municipalities for malaria and 12 for dengue, selected based on perceived climate threats. The
project will support the design, implementation and operation of the DMEWS: developing a
framework that permits the continuous evaluation of the local risk of dengue and malaria
transmission in the face of global climate change and the determination of the most appropriate
actions in order to prevent epidemics before they begin. (See Annex 1 for further details). The
project will contribute to the strengthening of the institutional capabilities through the evaluation
and strengthening of local (municipal) health agencies and through the strengthening the
National Health (M&D) Surveillance System ultimately changing the current reactive
institutional organization into a proactive public health system.
e)
Administrative and Financial Management (total cost $ 0.72m, GEF funding $0.5m).
This component will support the administrative and financial management of the project
activities and will include goods; consultancy services; travel and operational and incremental
costs undertaken by the National Coordination Unit (NCU) and Conservation International (CI) Colombia. Specifically this component will finance the project manager, the procurement
specialist, other required personnel for the project management, and the project external audits.
Sector issues addressed by the project
The project addresses key vulnerabilities to climate change as identified in vulnerability
assessments and other studies. The project also addresses the need for better information on
climate. The project contributes to mainstreaming of climate concerns into the health sector and
the development plans for the Las Hermosas Massif and insular and coastal areas. Protection of
the Massif will contribute to maintain its hydropower potential, which in turn can be used to
displace carbon emission reductions from the power sector.
Mainstreaming adaptation measures into policies and development plans. Sustainability of
project activities depends on the success in mainstreaming adaptation as a key element in local
and regional development plans. The table summarizes the intended process. Policy linkages
will be of use for sector interventions in the power sector, disaster management, and biodiversity and water management. The close coordination sought between these sectors will
support a coherent policy context. .
Measure
1 Improving IDEAM’s
technical and scientific
capacity
Responsibility
IDEAM
Mainstreaming
GCC into day to day
operations at IDEAM.
Project provides support to
obtain sustainability.
2.1. Mainstreaming GCC
information into ecosystem
planning and management in
Las Hermosas Massif
IDEAM, with
Cortolima,
Corporacion
Autonoma Regional
del Vall del Cauca
(CVC), National Parks.
IDEAM
Pilot on mainstreaming GCC
in NRM planning.
IDEAM, with
Cortolima, CVC,
National Parks, local
community
GCC in management of
productive agro-ecosystems.
INVEMAR, in
coordination with
Sistema Nacional
Ambiental (National
Environmental System
– Colombia) (SINA)
and for municipalities
and communities.
Coralina, in
collaboration with
State government
GCC concerns will be
mainstreamed in planning and
managing marine protected
areas.
Climate mainstreamed into
aquifer operational decisions.
Alternative Water Resource
Management options for island
communities.
National Park Unit
(NPU) and Coralina,
with the participation
of: INVEMAR,
(Corporacion
Autonoma Regional
del Canal del Dique)
CARDIQUE and
Direccion General
Maritima (DIMAR) Colombia’s Maritime
Authority.
Coralina, with local
communities and key
stakeholders.
GCC concerns will be
mainstreamed in planning and
managing marine protected
areas.
Improved marine reserve areas
management and control.
Input to National Park policies.
Linkage to Biodiversity
policies.
Pilot small pilots and assessing
lessons learned and policy
implication in highly
populated islands.
Assessment of adaptation
options for insular areas.
Linkage to disaster
management policies.
National Institute of
Health with the support
of IDEAM, Ministry of
Health, State
governments and
Mainstreamed GCC into day
to day decision making.
Integration of the Integrated
Malaria and Dengue
Surveillance and Control
Linkage to Health Sector
Planning.
2.2. – Maintenance of water
regulation capability of
relevance for hydropower
potential
2.3. –Improvement of
productive agro-ecosystems
and reduction of
socioeconomic vulnerability in
high altitude moorland
“paramo” and sub-paramo
area of Las Hermosas Massif.
3.1. Mainstreaming GCC
information into NRM for
decision-making processes, in
Colombian Caribbean Insular
Areas.
3.2. Availability of fresh water
in the Caribbean insular areas,
as well as contribute to its
more efficient use.
3.3. Support the
implementation of the marine
protected areas system in the
Seaflower reserve and Corales
del Rosario, San Bernardo e
Isla Fuerte (CRSeIF) MAP
3.4. Reduce the vulnerability
of economic activities,
infrastructure, and population
living close to the coast:
Testing small scale pilots to
adapt to GCC and monitor
coastal impact.
4. Early Warning System to
improve Malaria and Dengue
Surveillance and Control
(DMEWS)
Water resource management
and GCC in the Las Hermosas
Massif
Sector policy linkages
Change in IDEAM main thrust
from data collection and
archiving, towards an agency
producing climate information
required for critical decision
making.
GCC in Natural Resource
Management (NRM) and
power sector policy and
planning.
Learning to manage high
altitude ecosystems for water
regulation. Linkage to Power
sector planning.
Adoption of financial
instruments for sustainable
environmental services. Input
to National Parks Policies
regarding buffer areas.
Linkage to poverty alleviation
policies.
GCC in NRM planning.
Linkage to National Park
policies and to Ocean Resource
Management Policies.
Linkage to disaster
management policies.
municipalities.
International expertise
will be provided
through WHO/PAHO,
International Research
Institute for Climate
Prediction (IRI) and
CDC.
System () into state and
municipal operational action
plans in order to assure the
funding and intersectoral
collaborations necessary for
implementation of
interventions.
5. Financing
Source:
BORROWER/RECIPIENT
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
LOCAL AND FOREIGN PRIVATE COMMERCIAL SOURCES
Total
($m.)
7.2
5.3
5.4
17.9
6. Implementation
Implementation Period: The Grant is expected to become effective in March, 2006 for a five
year period. The expected project completion date in March 2011).
General implementation arrangements: The GEF grant beneficiary (the Beneficiary) will be
the Republic of Colombia represented by the Agencia Presidencial para la Acción Social y la
Cooperación Internacional (APASCI). The grant recipient (the Recipient) will be Conservation
International Colombia (CI-Colombia) for the benefit of the Beneficiary. The project will be
executed by the Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) with the
support of other executing agencies (Invemar, Coralina and Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS))
and CI-Colombia. The National Coordination Unit (NCU) will be in charge of the overall
operational coordination of the project activities. The administrative and financial
coordination will be carried out by CI-Colombia7. CI-Colombia successfully executed the PDF
B resources, and has been assessed to have sufficient experience and the adequate organizational
capacity for the administrative and financial management of the project. The technical
coordination will be performed by IDEAM. The executing agencies are: IDEAM (components
(a) and (b)), Coralina and Invemar (component c); Instituto Nacional de Salud (component d)
and CI-Colombia (component e: administrative and financial management). CI-Colombia will
enter into a subsidiary agreement with the executing agencies. The subsidiary agreement will
include the financial and administrative obligations of CI-Colombia, the obligations of IDEAM
as technical coordination unit, and the obligations of each executing agency. For activities
related to the Amoyá watershed, IDEAM will coordinate with ISAGEN.
Technical implementation arrangements:
Steering Committee of INAP. The main responsibility of the Steering Committee (SC),
involving representatives from key ministries and CARs8, will be to assure the attainment of the
projects objectives and targets. The SC will also provide guidance on the implementation of
INAP and take high level decision regarding the project’s development, technical difficulties and
7
8
CI-Colombia is a recognized NGO with broad environmental experience in high mountains and insular ecosystems
The SC will be constituted by the following entities: Viceminister of Environment; Viceminister of Social Protection, Vice
Minister of Energy, Director of IDEAM; Director of Coralina; Director of Invemar; Director of Instituto Nacional de Salud;
Director of National Parks, or their delegates.
management issues. The SC will approve the Annual Operating Plans (AOP) of the project.
Practitioners and scientists could be invited to participate in the SC meetings to provide technical
support for decision-making processes regarding the project.
The National Coordination Unit (NCU) will be in charge of the overall operational
coordination of the project activities. The NCU will assess the overall project progress; provide
technical guidance and ensure the financial, conceptual and methodological coherence among all
activities and the integrity of the project. The NCU will guide executing agencies in the AOP9
preparation process and submit AOP to the SC for approval. Within the NCU, CI-Colombia will
provide the services of secretariat for administrative and financial management of the project,
while IDEAM will act as the technical secretariat providing the overall technical coordination of
the project, developing the progress reports and preparing the AOP. The secretariat for the M&E
system will be among IDEAM’s responsibilities.
For each component, an executing agency (see figure below) will be responsible for the
technical execution of the activities under the respective component10. This will be done with
the support of project partners including national, regional and local governmental entities,
(Ministry of Social Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, National Park Unit, autonomous regional
authorities (CARs); Secretary of Health, etc) and local and regional organizations (CI-Colombia;
other NGOs, universities and associations).
Executing agencies:
IDEAM is a national research institute which coordinates the Colombian Environmental
Information System and which is responsible for meteorology, hydrology, and related
environmental studies. In this project IDEAM will on the one hand be in charge of the technical
project coordination and on the other hand be the executing agency for the Climate Scenarios
and the High Mountain Ecosystems components.
9
The AOP will include statement of specific objectives for the year, a description of the activities, expected outputs,
monitoring indicators, detailed estimated budgets, a procurement plan, indicating the sources of financing in the
budget.
10
Component coordinator: Each executing agency will assign a coordinator as part of the organizational structure of the
component. The coordinator will be responsible for the following activities: organizing the working groups of the component,
ensuring the participation of all the involved partners in the development of the component; develop the AOP of the component
with the support of the NCU; develop the TORs of the required consulting services and specifications for required equipment.
Other responsibilities are described in Annex 6.
GEF/World Bank Grant
IDEAM
(Technical Coordination)
Executing Agency
IDEAM
Conservation International
(Grant Recipient)
Executing Agency
INS
Executing Agency
INVEMAR
CI-Colombia through
APASCI
(Beneficiary)
Executing Agency
Coralina
INS is a governmental agency with administrative autonomy affiliated to the Colombian Health
Ministry. It is responsible for the public health surveillance and control system. Specifically INS
implements and operates the processes of the National Surveillance System; supports the MH in
developing regulations, technical guidelines and strategies for public health surveillance;
supports public health surveillance actions in departments, municipalities and districts of the
country; coordinates, advices and supervises the National Laboratory Network. INS will be in
charge of the Health component.
INVEMAR is the national coastal and marine research institute, manages a reference laboratory
in the areas of their competency; and supports policy development in coastal and marine areas. It
undertakes basic and applied research on conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in
Colombia’s coastal and insular areas and oceanic ecosystems, and it is responsible for GCC
issues in marine areas. INVEMAR will be responsible for relevant oceanic data gathering and for
the continental insular and coastal component in the project.
Coralina. The Corporation for the Sustainable Development of the Archipelago of San Andres,
Old Providence and Santa Catalina is the CAR for this archipelago. Its mandate is to manage the
environment and natural resources so as to promote sustainable development in its jurisdiction.
In this project Coralina will be responsible for the oceanic Caribbean Insular Area component.
CI-Colombia will be responsible of the administrative and financial component. CI-Colombia’s
experience in conservation work in critical habitats will facilitate an efficient management of the
project. CI’s technical advice on conservation issues will complement the skills of the project
team.
7. Sustainability
Sustainability: Impacts from climate change are gradual and long term. Adaptation measures are
intended to result in long-term benefits, ensuring the sustainability of development processes.
On the other hand, adaptation does not always yield net benefits in the immediate future, but can
not be postponed until it is too late. The measures supported under this project take into account
this long-term character and specifically aim to support Colombia’s efforts to define and
implement policy options to meet the anticipated impacts from climate change. The project with
its partners will ensure the mainstreaming of adaptation measures into development plans and
regional policies in the Las Hermosas Massif and the San Andres Archipelago, as well as within
the health sector for tropical vector-borne diseases.
The long term strategic goal of the project is to promote sustainable, climate resilient
development. The project will assist in the development of a framework of activities and the
implementation of specific actions that would address unsustainable impacts of climate change in
the natural resource base of the country and in the human health. There is also a near-term
benefit in the expected 30% reduction of Malaria and Dengue morbidity, in selected pilot areas,
by project closure. The commitments being made at the national level, through the MoE and at
the technical level through IDEAM and Von Humboldt Institute, are long term. The formulation
of adaptation programs with GEF resources provides a basis for long term actions by current and
future administrations. The monitoring program will provide the basis of long-term follow up of
outcomes and eventual corrective actions. The adaptation measures implemented under the
project would provide useful practical examples on how climate change impacts can be
addressed and information useful for the design of future adaptation programs.
Replicability: As the first SPA operation, the project has a lot of replication potential within and
outside of Colombia. Thus, the project will emphasize its learning nature. It will include a
comprehensive monitoring system and dissemination activities. The MTR will be scheduled to
coincide with the production of substantial initial assessments of the activities, with added stress
on the initial assessment of the impacts associated with pilot activities, and the completeness of
data gathering efforts.
During project preparation each component and each pilot adaptation measure was developed
with participation of local institutions with close links to the affected communities, and key
stakeholders were consulted. The project takes into account community perceptions to social
well-being and threats to their economic development. Pilot site selection has been given careful
consideration: criteria have been developed to include community participation, and in many
cases beneficiaries co-finance is sought. Each component has allocated resources to critically
assess the action taken, draw lessons learned, and define a strategy on how best to replicate and
scale up the pilot. Replicability has been mainstreamed in project preparation and is at the top of
the priorities of the deliverables sought by the Government of Colombia.
8. Lessons Learned from Past Operations in the Country/Sector
The Bank’s work on environmental issues in Colombia builds upon opportunities provided under
the Kyoto Protocol through sources such as Carbon Finance (CF) and the Global Environment
Facility (GEF). Climate Change Mitigation initiatives, supported through carbon finance include:
Jepirachi Carbon Offset Project11, Rio Amoya Environmental Services Project,12 The Rio Frio
Carbon Offset Project13, San Nicolas Carbon Sequestration Project14, and Furatena Agroindustry
11
Project No. P074426, Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement signed January 27, 2003.
Project No. P078220, Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement signed June 28, 2004.
13
Project No. P088752, Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement signed June 30, 2005.
14
Project No. P098615
12
Carbon Offset Project15. INAP will benefit from the strengthened capacity of environmental
institutions on climate issues, and will complement the ongoing operations by mainstreaming the
climate change challenge into the decision making structure of participating agencies.
Climate data collection is a long term activity that demands long term commitments. The
implementation of adaptation programs in the Caribbean (CPACC and MACC) highlight the
need to ensure sustainability and local ownership of any monitoring and data collection activity
and reliable methods to secure and compile data collected. These aspects have been incorporated
in the project.
Climate change adaptation is a long-term venture that will in the best of cases just
ameliorate irreversible changes. As illustrated by the work in adaptation to climate change in
the Caribbean, many years of continuous work are required to establish the basis for successful
adaptation programs. The process in Colombia is being jump-started on the basis of an excellent
diagnosis made through the national communication and other vulnerability assessments. Yet, it
is clear for all project agencies that the project is the first step of a long haul process and
therefore that long-term commitments are required to meet the growing challenges of adaptation
to climate change many of which are likely to result in irreversible changes.
Close coordination, clear management and technical leadership are required for
multifaceted projects. Bank experience with multi-sector activities has shown the importance
of having a clear, yet simple management structure. The project applies experience on project
management in Colombia and applies a structure that combines clear coordination and technical
leadership through specialized sector agencies.
Relationship to Other Bank Operations in Colombia. The Bank has a significant environment
portfolio of climate related interventions, mostly related to environmental management. This
includes:


15
16
Colombia National Protected Areas Conservation Trust Fund Project. The Project
supports the consolidation of the Colombian National Protected Areas System through
the Protected Areas Conservation Trust Fund (FONCAP). The fund is mandated to
execute public-sector conservation policies related to the National Protected Areas
System16. FONCAP is envisioned to contain a mixed composition of endowment and
sinking funds. Total Project cost is US$42.4 million. The project is expected to establish
at least 2.8 million hectares of core conservation areas in National Parks. INAP’s
activities in the Las Hermosas Massif and the San Andres Archipelago will be taken
under this context.
National Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project - Phase 1 of the National Disaster
Vulnerability Reduction Program. The ten-year program aims to reduce the fiscal
vulnerability of the state to adverse natural events by strengthening national capacity to
manage disaster risk and by reducing vulnerability in key municipalities that combine
high exposure to disaster risk and high contributions to national income and productivity.
Project No. P086455
The proposed fund structure, described in Annex 18, finds adequate support in Colombian legislation.

INAP’s institutional activities in the San Andres Archipelago will be taken under this
context.
The ongoing Programmatic Development Policy Loan for Sustainable Development,
SusDevDPL complements these operations through overarching support for the
government’s National Development Plan to achieve the Millennium Development
Goals, particularly Goal 7 (ensure environmental sustainability) and Goal 4 (reduce child
mortality). CARs involved will be establishing the baseline and monitoring the
development of sustainable objectives, as per agreement with the Ministry of
Environment (MoE). INAP’s involvement with regional CARs will be undertaken in this
context. More importantly, the next phase of the DPL will be developed taken into
account the climate change dimension of development.
9. Safeguard Policies (including public consultation)
Social. The project is expected to generate social benefits from an increased adaptive capacity of
ecosystems, as well as from reduced incidence of malaria and dengue. The increased availability
of information on GCC impacts as well as the management associated with the uncertainties
related to GCC impacts will enable decision makers to implement adaptation measures oriented
towards the protection of vulnerable populations. The specific adaptation measures will work
against the collapse of vulnerable productive systems thereby avoiding migration of populations
or adoption of unsustainable practices. In the Caribbean insular and coastal areas the project will
improve sustainable access to fresh water. Without adaptation strategies, it is expected that GCC
impacts would increase poverty; not only because local economies (tourism, fishing) depend on
productive coastal and marine resources but also because local public and private sectors do not
have the funding or expertise to deal with the potential damage to coastal human settlements and
infrastructures. Finally, the project is expected to reduce malaria and dengue incidence by 30 %
within pilot areas.
Extensive consultations have been undertaken and continue to be held with key stakeholders.
Two workshops were held in the Archipelagos of San Andres and Rosario-San Bernardo with
local governmental representatives; communities and representatives of the local governments,
tourism, fisheries and water supply sectors. Information on GCC scenarios and possible local
effects was presented by the PDFB coordination team. Adaptation options to GCC were
discussed and a short list of adaptation measures was recommended for further analysis and
possible inclusion in the project.
The scientific community, marine and insular component, also was consulted through a technical
workshop during project preparation. Main topics addressed included the identification of
research topics, description of the expected social benefits and the design of the monitoring
system for the Western Caribbean Colombian insular areas. Consultations continue to be held
with key stakeholders (including local government authorities and non-governmental
organizations) in Las Hermosas Massif. Inter-agency meetings have taken place to define
activities and involvement during INAP´s implementation phase. Proposed implementation
agencies have held many coordination meetings and consultations.
Environment. There are no major adverse environmental impacts expected as a result of this
project. Minor environmental impacts might be expected from some on the ground investments.
The project is designed to be entirely positive from an environmental point of view, particularly
by protecting vulnerable ecosystems from the impact of GCC. Some expected direct positive
impacts include: (i) reduced vulnerability of the high mountain ecosystems and Caribbean insular
and coastal areas in the face of the climatic variations (CV) and of GCC, as well as contribution
to the maintenance of the environmental services; (ii) reduced uncertainty of impacts of GCC
and formulation of adequate adaptation measure; (iii) mitigation of impacts of unsustainable
agricultural practices and development and implementation of sustainable alternatives; (iv)
reduced vulnerability of agro-systems and planning and management of water supply; (v)
increased public awareness building on adaptation needs and increased social and institutional
capacity to manage the ecosystems; (vi) environmental benefits from the rationale and selective
use of insecticides An Environmental Assessment will be performed as part of the preparation of
the adaptation measures.
Safeguard policies. The safeguard policies Environmental Assessment and Natural Habitats are
triggered by the project. No social safeguard policies are triggered. The adaptation measures to
be implemented for the Seaflower Marine Protected Area under Component 3 are based on a
previously agreed zoning with the local marine resource users that establishes no-take and no
entry zones as well as areas for traditional artisan fishing, which resulted from the
implementation of the GEF/WB project “Colombia Caribbean Archipelago Biosphere Reserve:
Regional Marine Protected Area System”.
Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project
Yes
No
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01)
Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, being revised as OP 4.11)
Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20, being revised as OP 4.10)
Forests (OP/BP 4.36)
Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60)*
Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP/GP 7.50)
[X]
[X]
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10. List of Factual Technical Documents
 Primera Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre
el Cambio Climático. IDEAM 2001.
 Elaboración de Escenarios de Cambio Climático para el Territorio Colombiano.
Universidad Nacional de Colombia para el IDEAM, 2005.
 Información Climatológica (Línea Base, Período de Prueba y Escenarios Climáticos) para
Estudios de Impacto del Cambio Climático. Universidad Nacional de Colombia para el
IDEAM, 2005.
*
By supporting the proposed project, the Bank does not intend to prejudice the final determination of the parties' claims on the
disputed areas

















Estudios del Clima del Páramo de las Hermosas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia para
el IDEAM, 2005.
El Clima y la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Colombia para el IDEAM, 2005.
Aproximación a la Vulnerabilidad de los Ecosistemas de Alta Montaña del Macizo Las
Hermosas. Germán Andrade para el IDEAM, 2005.
Estrategia de Adaptación de los Ecosistemas de la Alta Montaña Colombiana al Cambio
Climático Global – Macizo de Las Hermosas. Germán Andrade para el IDEAM, 2005.
Medidas de Adaptación de la Agricultura frente al Cambio Climático. Francisco Boshell
para el IDEAM, 2005.
Agroforestería para la Producción Animal Sostenible. Fundación Centro para la
Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria. CIPAV, 2003
Sistemas Silvopastoriles, Establecimiento y Manejo. Fundación Centro para la
Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria. CIPAV, 2004.
Programa Holandés de Asistencia para Estudios en Cambio Climático: Colombia
Definición de la Vulnerabilidad de los Sistemas Biogeofísicos y Socioeconómicos
debido a un Cambio en el Nivel del Mar en las Zonas Costeras Colombianas y
Medidas para su Adaptación. Informe Técnico Final. VII Tomos. INVEMAR, 2003
Diseño de un Sistema de Monitoreo Climático en el Area Insular del Caribe
Colombiano, Carlos Andrade para INVEMAR, 2003.
Areas Coralinas de Colombia. INVEMAR, 2000.
Análisis de Datos sobre Niveles Piezométricos, Período 1997 – 2003. Andrea Piñeros
para CORALINA, 2003.
Análisis de Base de Datos (1996-2004) de Pozos Concesionados en la Isla de San
Andrés. Leonardo Osorio para CORALINA, 2005.
Plan de Manejo de Aguas Subterráneas para la Isla de San Andrés 2000-2009.
CORALINA.
Evaluación del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológico, SIVIGILA. Fabio Rivas para el
INS.
Análisis Institucional para la Implementación de las Medidas de Adaptación.
ECOVERSA, 2005.
Análisis de Costos Incrementales. ECOVERSA, 2005.
INTEGRATED DENGUE AND MALARIA SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM,
COLOMBIA, INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD DE COLOMBIA MINISTERIO DE
LA PROTECCION SOCIAL, Harish Padmanabha and Salua Osorio Mrad, January
2006.
11. Contact point
Contact: Walter Vergara
Title: Lead Chemical Engineer
Tel: (202) 458-2705
Fax:
Email: [email protected]
12. For more information contact:
The InfoShop
The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20433
Telephone: (202) 458-5454
Fax: (202) 522-1500
Web: http://www.worldbank.org/infoshop