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Rezenter und erwarteter Klimawandel im Ostseebereich - was wissen wir, was wissen wir nicht? Hans von Storch Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht Printed at Hans von Storch • • • • • Klimaforscher Spezialgebiet: Küstenklima, also Windstürme, Sturmfluten, Seegang, Nordsee, Ostsee, Nordatlantik Kooperation auch mit Sozialwissenschaftlern Direktor des Instituts für Küstenforschung des Helmholtz-Zentrums Geesthacht Mitglied des KlimaCampus „CliSAP“ Hamburg 2 Anonyme Umfrage mit Turning Technology Ich möchte, dass wir uns klarmachen, wes Geistes Kind wir hier sind, und dass wir dazu eine kleine Umfrage machen: 1. Bis zu 50 Stimmsender werden verteilt. 2. Sie brauchen diese kleinen Sender nicht anschalten. 3. Wenn Sie stimmen wollen, dann drücken Sie die entsprechende Nummer. 4. Sobald Sie das getan haben, steigt der Zähler um 1. 5. Wenn alle gestimmt haben, wird das Gesamtergebnis angezeigt. 6. Die Stimmabgabe ist anonym. Es ist möglich festzustellen, welche Stimmabgaben von welchem gerät gekommen ist, aber wir können nicht feststellen, wer welches Gerät benutzt hat. 3 Einverstanden mit der Befragung? Einverstanden mit der Befragung? Ja Nein Mir egal 0% 0% M ir eg al Ne in 0% Ja 1. 2. 3. 4 4 3. Dezember 2013 - Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg an der Universität Greifswald, Greifswald Menschgemachter Klimawandel? e M ei nu ng . 0% Ke in üb er ze ug t, da Ic h s.. ha . be er ns th af te Zw ... 0% n 3. 0% bi 2. Ich bin überzeugt, dass wir derzeit einen vor allem vom Menschen verursachten Klimawandel erleben. Ich habe ernsthafte Zweifel daran, dass wir es mit einem vor allem vom Menschen verursachten Klimawandel zu tun haben. Keine Meinung. Ic h 1. 5 3. Dezember 2013 - Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg an der Universität Greifswald, Greifswald 5 Energiepolitik als Ausdruck von Klimapolitik En e. .. e di di e 3. Dezember 2013 - Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg an der Universität Greifswald, Greifswald Ic h gl a de fin Ic h be fü rw Ic h En er ub gi e. e .. n Ic i c h h fa t, da vo ss ri si ... er e ei ne an ... W ei ss ni ch t. 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% or te 1. Ich befürworte die Energiewende weg von Nuklear, Öl- und Kohleeinsatz. 2. Ich finde die Energiewende unausgereift und mit zu hohen Kosten verbunden. 3. Ich glaube nicht, dass der Stand der Wissenschaft die Energiewende legitimiert. 4. Ich favorisiere eine andere Klimapolitik, etwa Anpassung nach Bedarf oder Geoengineering. 5. Weiss nicht. 6 6 Extremereignisse 0% 0% ic ht Un se re W ei ss n ... ar en w St ür m e ne Ve rs t.. . . 0% ei 3. ne hm e 2. Ich nehme eine Verstärkung im letzten Jahrzehnt von regionalen Sturmereignissen wahr. Unsere Stürme waren schon immer gefährlich, aber eine systematische Veränderung hin zu mehr oder stärkeren Stürmen kann ich nicht feststellen. Weiss nicht. Ic h 1. 3. Dezember 2013 - Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg an der Universität Greifswald, Greifswald 7 Rolle von Wissenschaft ic ht W is se ns ch W ei ss n .. ga r. ... . 3. Dezember 2013 - Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg an der Universität Greifswald, Greifswald af ts ol l de rP ... af ts ol l de rP se ns ch af ts ol l 4. 0% 0% 0% 0% W is 3. se ns ch 2. Wissenschaft soll der Politik Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Problemen machen, wenn es sich abzeichnet, dass ein gravierendes Problem vorliegt. Wissenschaft soll der Politik Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Problemen machen, wenn ein Konsensus in der Wissenschaft hergestellt ist. Wissenschaft soll gar keine Empfehlungen geben, sondern nur das Problem und mögliche Lösungsstrategien beschreiben. Weiss nicht. W is 1. 8 Zur Ostsee Ich bin in ernsthafter Sorge um die Ostsee vor Allem wegen: ro ph er sc i hm eru ng ut zu Üb n er g... fis ch Kl un im g a M eh wa nd Ke r el in ere er Gr de ü r F nde ak W tor en ei ss ni ch t. Eu t el tv 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 14% 14% 14% 14% 14% 14% 14% Eutrophierung Umweltverschmutzung (einschl. verklappter Munition) Überfischung Klimawandel Mehrere Gründe Keiner der Faktoren Weiss nicht. Um w 1. 2. 3. Dezember 2013 - Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg an der Universität Greifswald, Greifswald 9 BALTEX Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea basin - BACC An effort to establish which scientifically legitimized knowledge about climate change and its impacts is available for the Baltic Sea catchment. Approximately 80 scientists from 12 countries have documented and assessed the published knowledge in 2008 in BACC. The assessment has been accepted by the intergovernmental HELCOM commission as a basis for its future deliberations. Printed at BACC is not assessment of the state of climate, climate change and impact BUT an assessment of the scientific knowledge about climate, climate change and impact = agreement / disagreement / gaps in the Baltic Sea region. Printed at Principles → The assessment is a synthesis of material drawn comprehensively from the available scientifically legitimate literature (e.g. peer reviewed literature, conference proceedings, reports of scientific institutes). → Influence or funding from groups with a political, economical or ideological agenda is not allowed; however, questions from such groups are welcome. → If a consensus view cannot be found in the above defined literature, this is clearly stated and the differing views are documented. The assessment thus encompasses the knowledge about what scientists agree on but also identify cases of disagreement or knowledge gaps. → The assessment is evaluated by independent scientific reviewers. Printed at BACC (2008) results – in short → Presently a warming is going on in the Baltic Sea region, and will continue throughout the 21st century. → BACC considers it plausible that this warming is at least partly related to anthropogenic factors. → So far, and in the next few decades, the signal is limited to temperature and directly related variables, such as ice conditions. → Later, changes in the water cycle are expected to become obvious. → This regional warming will have a variety of effects on terrestrial and marine ecosystems – some predictable such as the changes in the phenology others so far hardly predictable. Printed at Timeline of BACC 2 1st BACC II Working Group meeting (Helsinki) 2nd BACC II Working Group meeting (Lund), nomination of BACC II Science Steering Committee (SSC) and suggestions for BACC II Lead Authors June 2010: BACC II Lead Authors approved November 2010: 1st meeting of BACC II Lead Authors and SSC (Göteborg) March 2011: 2nd meeting of BACC II Lead Authors and SSC (Hamburg) February 2012: 3rd meeting of BACC II Lead Authors and SSC (Copenhagen) July 2012: Chapters ready for external review September 2012: BACC II Conference in Tallinn End 2012: External peer-review completed Mid 2013: Draft BACC II report finished Late 2013: HELCOM Thematic Report published End 2013/2014: BACC II book published January 2009: April 2010: Printed at Contributing authors Printed at Overall Summary • • • • • • • New assessment finds results of BACC I valid Significant detail and additional material has been found and assessed. Some contested issues have been reconciled (e.g. sea surface temperature trends) Ability to run multi-model ensembles seems a major addition; first signs of detection studies, but attribution still weak Regional climate models still suffer from partly severe biases; the effect of certain drivers (aerosols, land use change) on regional climate statistics cannot be described by these models. Data homogeneity is still a problem and sometimes not taken seriously enough The issue of multiple drivers on ecosystems and socio-economy is recognized, but more efforts to deal with are needed In many cases, the relative importance of different drivers, not only climate change, needs to be evaluated. Printed at Overall Summary of BACC-2 • • • • • • Estimates of future deposition and fluxes of substances like sulphur and nitrogen oxides, ammonium, ozone, carbondioxide depend on future emissions and climate conditions. Atmospheric factors are relatively less important than emission changes. In the narrow coastal zone, where climate change and land uplift act together plant and animal communities had to adapt to changing environment conditions. Climate change is a compounding factor to major drivers of freshwater biogeochemistry, but evidence is still often based on small scale. The effect of climate change cannot be quantified yet on a Baltic Basin wide-scale. Scenario simulations suggest that most probably the Baltic Sea will become more acid in the future. Increased oxygen deficiency, increased temperature, changed salinity and increased acidification will impact the marine ecosystem in several ways and may erode the resilience of the ecosystem. Increasing need for adaptive management strategies (forestry, agriculture, urban complexes) in the Baltic Sea Basin that deal with both climate change but also emissions of nutrients, aerosols, carbondioxide and other substances. Printed at Summer temperature anomalies shown as deviations from the modern value. Lake Kurjanovas, south eastern Latvia, 56°31'N (Heikkilä and Seppä 2010). The Baltic Sea region has seen remarkable changes since the end of last ice age (last 10 – 12,000 years). The externally forced climate variability in the Baltic Sea basin is most likely attributable to orbital forcing at millennial time scales, to changes in solar irradiance at multi-decadal or centennial timescales, and to volcanic activity at multidecadal timescales. In addition to the external climate drivers factors, nonlinear mechanisms in the different components of the climate system and within each subsystem give rise to internal climate variability at all timescales. Printed at Change during the last 200 years In general, the conclusions from BACC I (2008) are confirmed. New results include Persistence of weather types has increased Upwelling analysis Evidence of recent sea water warming (indicated in BACC I, now verified) More extensive results for several parameters, in particularly on sea level Runoff explained by temperature, warming is associated with less runoff in southern regions and more runoff in northern regions Air temperature The warming of the low level atmosphere is larger in the Baltic Sea regions than the global mean for the corresponding period. Warming continued for the last decade Not in winter Largest in spring Largest for northern areas No recent ”stagnation” except for winter. Data sets Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn Northern area 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.10 Southern area 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.07 1 Linear surface air temperature trends (K per decade) for the period 1871-2011 for the Baltic Sea Basin. Northern area is latitude > 60°N. Bold numbers are significant at the 0.05 level. Data updated for BACCII from the CRUTEM3v dataset (Brohan et al. 2006) Same for 1871-2004 (BACC I): Annual and seasonal mean surface air temperature anomalies for the Baltic Sea Basin 1871-2011, Blue colour comprises the Baltic Sea basin to the north of 60°N, and red colour to the south of that latitude. Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are not yet a perfect tool → Large biases in reproducing observed climate, in particular with the energy and water cycle, both amounts, but also extremes → Inability to deal with other drivers, in particular aerosol loads and changing land surface conditions → Disregard of dynamic coupling of Baltic Sea, regional atmosphere and other compartments → Refer to Kjellström’s prsentation on Tuesday. Simulated temperature bias (◦C) w.r.t. E-OBS for 19612000. The maps show the pointwise smallest (left), median (middle) and largest (right) bias taken from an ensemble of 10 RCMs with lateral boundary conditions taken from ERA40 PERFORMANCE OF RCMS IN REPRODUCING THE CLIMATE Simulated precipitation bias (%) w.r.t. E-OBS for 19612000. The maps show the pointwise smallest (left), median (middle) and largest (right) bias taken from an ensemble of 10 RCMs with lateral boundary conditions taken from ERA40. PERFORMANCE OF RCMS IN REPRODUCING STATISTICS OF PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS Range of projected change of: Temperature – at the end of the 21st century Range of projected change of: precipitation amount – at the end of the 21st century Seasonal (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) and annual mean ensemble average changes in sea-surface salinity (in g/kg) between 20692098 and 1978-2007 using the A1B and A2 emissions scenarios (see Meier et al., 2012). Given the problems of regional atmospheric models with the hydrological cycle, and the fact that so far only a few simulations are available, BACC advises to not take this scenario for definite. Environmental Impacts → The main changes in air pollution in the Baltic Sea region are due to changes in emissions rather than climate-change itself → More riverine disolved organic matter, effects of climate on cultivated watersheds unknown, both positive and negative feedbacks on nutrient fluxes, agricultural practices will adopt fast. → Terrestrial ecosystems near the coast most prone to climate change; significant increase in spruce growth in the North → Higher turnover of algal biomass may lead to larger anoxic areas; pH will decrease → Regimes shifts in the Baltic Sea ecosystem have been observed which may be related to climate variability; → Lower salinity may lead to less marine benthic species, unknown for pelagic groups (more nutrients and DOM may result in opposite effects) → Few evidence for impacts of climate change as such Terrestrial Ecosystems Higher efficiency in growing of plants, but limitation by availability of water Tolerance against stress is needed: Dryness Strong rain Freezing Acidification of soils Projections until 2100 More trees in the North (about 20%), where enough water is available, but Weaker growth in the south (about 10%), where water is limited. Marine ecosysteme Higher Temperature are expected to go along with Stronger growth Earlier plankton blooms Modification of species composition Possibly advantages for blue algae Invading of foreign species Threatening of ringed seals (loss of ice cover) and lower salinity Changing species composition; immigration of new species Impact on oxygen supply in deeper weaters, which may be associated iwth problems for fisheries (cod) Distribution and composition of zooplankton (food for small fish and fish larvae) and bottomdwelling organisms. Agriculture and forestry: Improving conditions for forest management in the north may be counteracted by unfavorable impacts in the south. The review adds on BACC I: changing conditions with different impacts from north to south. • North: Growing conditions tend to improve • South: Declining growing conditions (reduced precipitation and increasing temperatures) • This will also cause changes in forest structures and diversity. 30 Urban complexes: Impacts differ due to location of urban complexes, be they in the northern or southern part of the catchment, directly at the Baltic Sea coast or more inland. Every urban complex is a unique mixture of infrastructure and urban services, inhabitants, natural resources and green spaces, built structures, economic and societal factors - hardly possible to generalize potential extent of climate change impacts from single-case studies. Climate change impacts, which affect urban services and technical infrastructure, building, housing and settlement structures mostly: sea level rise, extreme events like storm surges and changing precipitation patterns, flooding expected increase related to heavy precipitation events As the net-sea level rise is expected to be higher in the southern Baltic Sea, southern coastal cities such as Gdansk will be more affected. 31 Changes in coastal erosion and coastlines over the last years: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Higher water overflow on the coast during storm surges, caused by sea level rise and beach lowering. Bigger rate of erosion of beaches, dunes and cliffs. Now each Baltic country notices up to 2 m coast erosion per year on average in most threatened places. Coasts withdraw with higher rate. Till end of 20th century it was 0.2 to 0.5 m/y, and now it is 0.5 to 1 m/y After above average storm surge (differently in each country) retreat is 5-10 m of the land. More flooding of low lying areas or river mouths and lagoons. Longer coast sections are subject to protection measures. Detection and Attribution → Detection of non-natural influence on regional warming. Can be explained only by increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Present trend consistent with model scenarios. → Detection of non-natural component in trends of precipitation amounts; present trends much larger than what is anticipated by models; thus no consistent explanation for the time being. → Lack of studies on detection of changes in other variables (e.g. snow cover, runoff, sea ice) → Lack of studies of the effect of other drivers (reduction of industrial aerosols, land use change) Printed at Observed changes of 2m Temperature (1980-2009) in comparision with GS signal Observed trends in 1980-2009 Projected GS signal, A1B scenario 10 simulations, ENSEMBLES 95th-%tile of „non-GHG“ variability, derived from 2,000-year palaeo-simulations The spread of trends of 10 RCM simulations MAM JJA SON Annual GHG forcing allows for reconstructing the recently observed warming over the Baltic Sea area None of the 10 regional climate projections capture the observed warming, winter (DJF). Observed (CRU3, GPCC6, GPCP) Projected GS signal (ENSEMBLES) In winter (DJF) non of the 59 segments derived from 2,000 year palaeo-simulations yield a positive trend of precipitation as strong as that observed. There is less than 5% probability that observed positive trends in winter be due to natural (internal + external) variability alone. In spring (MAM), summer (JJA) and Annual trends externally forced changes are not detectable. However observed trends lie within the range of changes described by 10 climate change scenarios, indicating that also in the scenarios an external forcing is not detectable (< 5% risk). In autumn (SON) the observed negative trends of precipitation contradicts the upward trends suggested by 10 climate change scenarios, irrespective of the observed dataset used. Overall Summary • • • • • • • New assessment finds results of BACC I valid Significant detail and additional material has been found and assessed. Some contested issues have been reconciled (e.g. sea surface temperature trends) Ability to run multi-model ensembles seems a major addition; first signs of • Presently a warming is goingstill on in the Baltic Sea region, detection studies, but attribution weak st century. andclimate will continue throughout Regional models still suffer the from21partly severe biases; the effect of • BACC considers it plausible that this warming is at least certain drivers (aerosols, land use change) on regional climate statistics partly related to anthropogenic factors. cannot bynext these models. • Sobe far,described and in the few decades, the signal is limited to Data homogeneity is still a problem andvariables, sometimes not seriously temperature and directly related such astaken ice conditions. • Later, changes in the water cycle are expected to become obvious. enough • issue This of regional warming have a variety effects on The multiple driverswill on ecosystems andofsocio-economy is terrestrial and marine ecosystems – recognized, but more efforts to deal with are needed some predictable such as the changes in the phenology In many cases, relativepredictable. importance of different drivers, not only others so the far hardly climate change, needs to be evaluated. Printed at Overall Summary • • • • • • Estimates of future deposition and fluxes of substances like sulphur and nitrogen oxides, ammonium, ozone, carbondioxide depend on future emissions and climate conditions. Atmospheric factors are relatively less important than emission changes. In the narrow coastal zone, where climate change and land uplift act together plant and animal communities had to adapt to changing environment conditions. Climate change is a compounding factor to major drivers of freshwater biogeochemistry, but evidence is still often based on small scale. The effect of climate change cannot be quantified yet on a Baltic Basin wide-scale. Scenario simulations suggest that most probably the Baltic Sea will become more acid in the future. Increased oxygen deficiency, increased temperature, changed salinity and increased acidification will impact the marine ecosystem in several ways and may erode the resilience of the ecosystem. Increasing need for adaptive management strategies (forestry, agriculture, urban complexes) in the Baltic Sea Basin that deal with both climate change but also emissions of nutrients, aerosols, carbondioxide and other substances. Printed at Wissensdefizite in Bezug auf Ostseeraum 1.Welche Wirkung hatte die Reduktion von Freisetzung von industriellen Aerosolen auf das regionale Klima des Ostseeraums? 2.Welche Wirkung hatte die Veränderung von Landnutzung, einschl. Urbanisierung auf das regionale und lokale Klima im Ostseeraum? 3. Ist zu erwarten, dass die Ostsee salzärmer wird? 4. Wie wird das Ökosystem der Ostsee auf den Klimawandel plausiblerweise reagieren? 5. Wie wird sich der Meeresspiegel in der Ostsee verändern? 6. Wie wird sich die Erosion längs der Küsten verändern? 7. Inwieweit behindern die systematischen Modellfehler die Möglichkeit, realistische Szenarien (bedingte Vorhersagen) für das kommenden Jahrhundert abzuleiten? Printed at Printed at