Download Chapter 15_ 16_ 17 Review Sheet

Name: _________________________________
Living Environment
Per. _________
Ms. Fog
Evolution Review Guide: Chapters 15, 16, 17
Vocabulary:
Ch. 15-1: Evolution Theory
Fossil
Ch. 15-3: Artificial selection Struggle for Existence
Fitness Adaptation
Survival of the
Fittest Natural Selection Descent with Modification
Common Descent Homologous
Structure
Vestigial Organ
Ch. 16-1: Gene Pool Relative Frequency Single-gene Trait Polygenic Trait
Ch. 16-2: Directional Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection Genetic Drift
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Genetic Equilibrium
Ch. 17-1: Fossil Record
Extinct
Index Fossil
Half-life
Radioactive Dating
Ch. 17-2: Endosymbiotic Theory
Ch. 17-3: Mass Extinction
Ch. 17-4: Macroevolution
Adaptive Radiation Convergent evolution
Coevolution
Punctuated Equilibrium
*Gradualism (Not a term in the glossary but you must know)
Chapter 15 Review Topics:

Understand what the Theory of Evolution is and why it is a theory

Understand how Darwin proposed Evolution by Natural Selection
o Know how each vocabulary term from 15-3 relates to this concept
o Know the four types of supporting evidence that Darwin used for his theory
1. Fossil Record
2. Homologous Structures
3. Geographic Distribution
4. Embryology

Know how the four types of evidence support the principles that all modern organisms come from one common
ancestor and that all organisms descended with modification from previous species
Chapter 16 Review Topics:

Understand the concept that evolution occurs based on genes that are passed from one generation to the next
o Beneficial traits help organisms survive (by getting food, shelter and a mate) and therefore get passed on.
o Non-beneficial traits do NOT help the organism reach reproductive age and therefore, do not get passed on

This concept explains how allele frequencies change over time
o In other words, it explain how species can go from having one phenotype to another over a long period of
time (thousands of years)

Know which type of trait evolves faster

Know what the three different types of natural selection are and be able to give or recognize examples of each type

Know the concept of Genetic Drift and how it explains evolution without natural selection and that it occurs by chance

Recognize the Hardy-Weinberg principle is a “logic proof” for why evolution must occur
o Evolution must occur because genetic equilibrium can’t exist
Chapter 17 Review Topics:

Know what the Fossil Record is

Know what Radioactive Dating is and that scientists use C14 to find the exact age of some fossils
o Recognize the term half-life

Explain what an index fossil is and how scientists use it to find the age of other, unknown fossils

Know the Endosymbiotic Theory as described in class (If you were absent, you must see someone to get the notes!!)

Understand what mass extinction is (Chapter 17-3) in addition to other ways organisms can go extinct (Ch. 17-4)

Be to describe and recognize examples of the following
o Adaptive Radiation – one ancestor gives rise to many different modern species
o

Convergent Evolution – Unrelated organisms in completely different places but similar environments
develop similar adaptations
o Convergent Evolution – two or more organisms evolve together because of their close relationship. If one
evolves, the other follows
Know the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
o recognize that scientists are unsure which theory for evolutionary patterns is more correct
PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1) Humans are getting taller over time. This is an example of which type of natural selection?
A) Disruptive Selection
B) Stabilizing Selection
C) Directional Selection
D) Natural Selection
2) Which concept is not a part of the theory of evolution?
A) Present-day species developed from earlier species
B) Some species die out when environmental changes occur
C) Complex organisms develop from simple organisms over time
D) Change occurs according to the needs of an individual organism to survive
3) Which concepts are important in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
1 – Struggle for existence
2 – Survival of the fittest
3 – Descent with modification
A) 1 and 2, only
B) 1 and 3, only
C) 2 and 3, only
D) 1, 2 and 3
4) According to modern evolutionary theory, genes responsible for new traits that help a species survive in a particular
environment will usually
A) Not change in frequency
B) Decrease gradually in frequency
C) Decrease rapidly in frequency
D) Increase in frequency
5) Some behaviors such a mating and caring for young are genetically determined in certain species of birds. The presence of
these behaviors is most likely due to the fact that
A) birds do not have the ability to learn
B) individual birds need to learn to survive and reproduce
C) these behaviors helped birds to survive in the past
D) within their lifetimes, birds developed these behaviors
6) Which situation would most likely result in the highest rate of natural selection?
A) reproduction of organisms by an asexual method in an unchanging environment
B) reproduction of a species having a very low mutation rate in a changing environment
C) reproduction of organisms in an unchanging environment with little competition an few predators
D) reproduction of organisms exhibiting genetic differences due to mutations and genetic recombinations in a changing
environment
7) Radioactive dating of rock samples
A) is a method of absolute (exact age) dating
B) is a method of relative dating
C) provides no information about the age in years of the rock samples
D) relies on the use of index fossils
8) Throughout the history of life on Earth, which factor has probably been the chief (main) cause of the extinction of species?
A) human interference with the natural environment
B) failure to adapt t environmental changes
C) competition within species
D) volcanic eruptions
9) The endosymbiotic theory includes all of the following except
A) photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved into chloroplasts
B) eukaryotic cells arose from the merging of different prokaryotic organisms
C) all organelles evolved from specialize enfolding of the plasma membrane
D) eukaryotic cells are the result of an interdependent relationship among different organisms
Part C-type Questions:
10) Using the modern theory of evolution as the basis, evaluate the accuracy of the following passage:
Modern giraffes evolved from a short-necked ancestor by physically stretching their necks to reach the leaves on high
branches. Over time, adults with longer necks passed the trait on to their offspring. In your evaluation, be sure to:

State whether or not the passage is accurate

Differentiate between a trait that can be passed from one generation to the next and one that cannot (Think about
the cells that pass on traits!)

State a plausible explanation for why giraffes with long necks will increase over time

Bonus: Be able to state the two scientists whose theories are being compared
11) In the past, a specific antibiotic was effective in killing a certain species of bacteria. Now, most members of this bacterial
species are resistant to this antibiotic. Explain how this species of bacteria has become resistant. Your answer must include the
concepts of:

Variation

Natural selection

Adaptation to the environment
12) When Charles Darwin was developing his theory of evolution, he considered variations in a population important. However,
he could not explain how the variations occurred. Name two processes that can result in variation in a population. Explain how
these processes actually cause variation.
*Answer key will be posted soon