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Name: _________________________________ Living Environment Per. _________ Ms. Fog Evolution Review Guide: Chapters 15, 16, 17 Vocabulary: Ch. 15-1: Evolution Theory Fossil Ch. 15-3: Artificial selection Struggle for Existence Fitness Adaptation Survival of the Fittest Natural Selection Descent with Modification Common Descent Homologous Structure Vestigial Organ Ch. 16-1: Gene Pool Relative Frequency Single-gene Trait Polygenic Trait Ch. 16-2: Directional Selection Stabilizing Selection Disruptive Selection Genetic Drift Hardy-Weinberg Principle Genetic Equilibrium Ch. 17-1: Fossil Record Extinct Index Fossil Half-life Radioactive Dating Ch. 17-2: Endosymbiotic Theory Ch. 17-3: Mass Extinction Ch. 17-4: Macroevolution Adaptive Radiation Convergent evolution Coevolution Punctuated Equilibrium *Gradualism (Not a term in the glossary but you must know) Chapter 15 Review Topics: Understand what the Theory of Evolution is and why it is a theory Understand how Darwin proposed Evolution by Natural Selection o Know how each vocabulary term from 15-3 relates to this concept o Know the four types of supporting evidence that Darwin used for his theory 1. Fossil Record 2. Homologous Structures 3. Geographic Distribution 4. Embryology Know how the four types of evidence support the principles that all modern organisms come from one common ancestor and that all organisms descended with modification from previous species Chapter 16 Review Topics: Understand the concept that evolution occurs based on genes that are passed from one generation to the next o Beneficial traits help organisms survive (by getting food, shelter and a mate) and therefore get passed on. o Non-beneficial traits do NOT help the organism reach reproductive age and therefore, do not get passed on This concept explains how allele frequencies change over time o In other words, it explain how species can go from having one phenotype to another over a long period of time (thousands of years) Know which type of trait evolves faster Know what the three different types of natural selection are and be able to give or recognize examples of each type Know the concept of Genetic Drift and how it explains evolution without natural selection and that it occurs by chance Recognize the Hardy-Weinberg principle is a “logic proof” for why evolution must occur o Evolution must occur because genetic equilibrium can’t exist Chapter 17 Review Topics: Know what the Fossil Record is Know what Radioactive Dating is and that scientists use C14 to find the exact age of some fossils o Recognize the term half-life Explain what an index fossil is and how scientists use it to find the age of other, unknown fossils Know the Endosymbiotic Theory as described in class (If you were absent, you must see someone to get the notes!!) Understand what mass extinction is (Chapter 17-3) in addition to other ways organisms can go extinct (Ch. 17-4) Be to describe and recognize examples of the following o Adaptive Radiation – one ancestor gives rise to many different modern species o Convergent Evolution – Unrelated organisms in completely different places but similar environments develop similar adaptations o Convergent Evolution – two or more organisms evolve together because of their close relationship. If one evolves, the other follows Know the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium o recognize that scientists are unsure which theory for evolutionary patterns is more correct PRACTICE QUESTIONS: 1) Humans are getting taller over time. This is an example of which type of natural selection? A) Disruptive Selection B) Stabilizing Selection C) Directional Selection D) Natural Selection 2) Which concept is not a part of the theory of evolution? A) Present-day species developed from earlier species B) Some species die out when environmental changes occur C) Complex organisms develop from simple organisms over time D) Change occurs according to the needs of an individual organism to survive 3) Which concepts are important in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? 1 – Struggle for existence 2 – Survival of the fittest 3 – Descent with modification A) 1 and 2, only B) 1 and 3, only C) 2 and 3, only D) 1, 2 and 3 4) According to modern evolutionary theory, genes responsible for new traits that help a species survive in a particular environment will usually A) Not change in frequency B) Decrease gradually in frequency C) Decrease rapidly in frequency D) Increase in frequency 5) Some behaviors such a mating and caring for young are genetically determined in certain species of birds. The presence of these behaviors is most likely due to the fact that A) birds do not have the ability to learn B) individual birds need to learn to survive and reproduce C) these behaviors helped birds to survive in the past D) within their lifetimes, birds developed these behaviors 6) Which situation would most likely result in the highest rate of natural selection? A) reproduction of organisms by an asexual method in an unchanging environment B) reproduction of a species having a very low mutation rate in a changing environment C) reproduction of organisms in an unchanging environment with little competition an few predators D) reproduction of organisms exhibiting genetic differences due to mutations and genetic recombinations in a changing environment 7) Radioactive dating of rock samples A) is a method of absolute (exact age) dating B) is a method of relative dating C) provides no information about the age in years of the rock samples D) relies on the use of index fossils 8) Throughout the history of life on Earth, which factor has probably been the chief (main) cause of the extinction of species? A) human interference with the natural environment B) failure to adapt t environmental changes C) competition within species D) volcanic eruptions 9) The endosymbiotic theory includes all of the following except A) photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved into chloroplasts B) eukaryotic cells arose from the merging of different prokaryotic organisms C) all organelles evolved from specialize enfolding of the plasma membrane D) eukaryotic cells are the result of an interdependent relationship among different organisms Part C-type Questions: 10) Using the modern theory of evolution as the basis, evaluate the accuracy of the following passage: Modern giraffes evolved from a short-necked ancestor by physically stretching their necks to reach the leaves on high branches. Over time, adults with longer necks passed the trait on to their offspring. In your evaluation, be sure to: State whether or not the passage is accurate Differentiate between a trait that can be passed from one generation to the next and one that cannot (Think about the cells that pass on traits!) State a plausible explanation for why giraffes with long necks will increase over time Bonus: Be able to state the two scientists whose theories are being compared 11) In the past, a specific antibiotic was effective in killing a certain species of bacteria. Now, most members of this bacterial species are resistant to this antibiotic. Explain how this species of bacteria has become resistant. Your answer must include the concepts of: Variation Natural selection Adaptation to the environment 12) When Charles Darwin was developing his theory of evolution, he considered variations in a population important. However, he could not explain how the variations occurred. Name two processes that can result in variation in a population. Explain how these processes actually cause variation. *Answer key will be posted soon