Download Difficulty Level 2

Anatomy & Physiology II Exam Bank – Topic 4 Immunity
Difficulty Level 1
Neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site by the process of
a. chemotaxis
c. diapedesis
b. margination
d. leucocytosis
Cancer cells and virus infected cells can be killed before activation of adaptive (specific) immunity by
a. B lymphocytes
c. T lymphocytes
b. natural killer cells
d. complement
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to local hyperemia caused by
a. vasoconstriction
c. phagocyte mobilization
b. vasodilation
d. vascular permeability
The term that describes the movement of a leukocyte through a capillary wall into surrounding tissues is:
a.
b.
chemotaxis
diapedesis
c. inflammation
d. margination
Arteriolar vasodilation that occurs during an inflammatory process causes which of these symptoms?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
redness and heat
redness and swelling
swelling and pain
heat and pain
swelling and heat
A chemical that enhances phagocytosis by serving as a link between a microbe and a phagocytic cell is known
as a(n):
a. opsonin
b. allergen
c. reagin
d. perforin
The classical, lectin and alternative pathways in complement activation lead to the formation of
a. C1
b. C3
c. C4
d. C2
e. factor B
Which of the following complements is essential for opsonization
a. C3b
c. C5
b. C3a
d. C6
Place the steps of inflammation in the correct order
1. neutrophils enter the tissue via diapedesis
2. neutrophils move into the injured area by chemotaxis
3. neutrophils adhere to the capillary walls by margination
4. neutrophils phagocytize microorganisms
a. 3, 2, 1, 4
c. 3, 2, 1, 4
b. 1, 2, 3, 4
d. 3, 1, 2, 4
T cells can recognize and bind to free antigens present in body fluids.
a. true
b. false
T cells that attack and kill other cells are
a. helper T
b. cytotoxic T
c. regulatory T
d. complement cells
The lymphocyte that is most responsible for activating both humoral and cell mediated immune responses
is the:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
cytotoxic T cell
plasma cell
natural killer cell
helper T cell
regulatory T cell
A vaccination is one way to acquire immunity that is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
active and artificial
active and natural
passive and artificial
passive and natural
innate
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by
a. T lymphocytes
c. B lymphocytes
b. plasma cells
d. natural killer cells
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
a. they are carbohydrates
c. there are three antigen binding sites
b. they are composed of heavy and light
d. they cannot be passes from one person to
chain polypeptides
another
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the
a. bone marrow
c. lymph node
b. thymus gland
d. spleen
The activation of cytotoxic T cells can result in the
a. lysis of target cells
c. production of memory T cells
b. production of cytokines
d. all of the above can occur
Porcine (pig) heart valves were used as replacements for damaged human valves. This is an example of a(n)
a. allograft
c. autograft
b. xenograft
d. isograft
A newborn gets passive immunity from its mother as a result of placental transfer of _____ during
pregnancy:
a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgE
d. IgG
e. IgM
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
haptens
epitopes
antibodies
opsonins
reagins
Which of the following types of cells release histamine in acute hypersensitive reactions?
a. plasma cell
b. CD 8+ cell
c. CD 4+ cell
d. type II alveolar cell
e. mast cell
Which type of T cell activates macrophages, stimulates inflammation, and promotes cytotoxic t cell
activation?
a. Th1
c. regulatory T cells
b. Th2
d. gamma delta T cells
Substances that are capable of mobilizing adaptive (specific) immunity and provoking an immune response
are called
a. dendritic cells
c. regulatory T cells
b. hapten
d. antigens
The portion of the antigen that is immunogenic is a(n)
a. epitope
c. heavy chain
b. variable chain
d. antigen binding site
Humoral mediated immunity is accomplished by the secretion of ___________ by ________cells.
a. antibody, B cell
c. antigen, B cell
b. antibody, helper T
d. antigen, helper T cells
Helper T cells can kill virus infected or cancer cells directly.
a. true
Interferons
a. block the entry of a virus into uninfected
cells
b. inhibit macrophages
Interleukins are
a. released by cytotoxic T cells, that
perforate the plasma membrane of virus
infected cells
b. are proteins produced in the liver that
activate complement proteins
b. false
c. activate natural killer cells
d. activate complement proteins
c. molecules that induce apoptosis in the
target cell
d. released by helper T cells that are
necessary for the activation of B
lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells
T lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the
a. bone marrow
c. lymph nodes
b. spleen
d. thymus gland
A helper T cell is activated by
a. dendritic cell
b. macrophage
c. B lymphocyte
d. all of the above can activate helper T cell
Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are
called
a. antibodies
c. haptens
b. antigens
d. complement
It is possible that some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in your lifetime.
a. true
b. false
Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
a. true
b. false
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
a. you are exposed to an antigen
c. you get a booster shot of a vaccine
b. you receive a vaccine of weakened viruses d. passage of IgG antibodies from a
pregnant mother to her fetus
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
a. vasodilation
c. phagocyte mobilization
b. vasoconstriction
d. production of complement and interferon
Movement of neutrophils and monocytes from the bloodstream through a vessel wall is called :
a) capture b) diapedesis c) exudation d) margination
Given the following events, which is the correct sequence concerning phagocytosis?
a. adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion,
c. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion,
chemotaxis
digestion, killing
b. chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion,
d. ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis,
adherence, killing
digestion, killing
Interferons (select the most appropriate statement)
a. are virus-specific, so that an interferon
c. are routinely used in nasal sprays for the
produced against one virus could not
common cold
protect cells against another virus
b. act by increasing the rate of cell division d. interfere with viral replication within cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
a. reducing its size
c. forming of a large number of cells that are
unlike the original B cell
b. immediately producing antigen-specific
d. producing progeny cells that include
antibodies
plasma cells and memory cells
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling
macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
a. diapedesis
c. opsonization
b. agglutination
d. precipitation
Delayed hypersensitivities ________.
a. are mediated by B cells
b. include allergic contact dermatitis
Select the correct statement about antigens.
a. "Self-antigens" is another name for
incomplete antigens.
b. The largest type of antigen is called a
hapten.
c. include anaphylactic shock, a systemic
vasodilation that results in inadequate
blood delivery to all tissues
d. do not involve T cells
c. Only small antigens exhibit reactivity.
d. One antigen may have many different
antigenic determinants and may
therefore cause the formation of more
than one antibody.
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
a. Antibodies may directly destroy
c. Complement fixation is the main
"invaders."
mechanism by which antibodies provide
protection.
b. Neutralization is the process by which
d. The most potent agglutinating agent is
antibodies cause invading cells to clump
IgG.
together.
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
a. B cell
c. cytotoxic T cell
b. helper T cell
d. antigen presenting cell
Which of the following immunoglobulins combine with mast cells
a. Ig G
c.
Ig M
b. Ig E
d.
Ig A
Which of the following would be released during a primary infection
a.
IgD
c.
IgM
b. IgG
d.
IgA
Self -antigens are expressed using:
a. MHC Class I
b. MHC Class 2
Which of the following suppress the immune response
a. Helper T cell
c. Cytotoxic T Cell
b. Regulatory T Cell d. Gamma Delta T Cell
Which of the following can directly attack a bacterium?
a. Cytoxic T Lymphocyte
c.
B Lymphocyte
b. Regulatory T Lymphocyte
d. Suppresor T Lymphocyte
Antibodies passing from mother to fetus results in which type of acquired immunity
a. Artificial Passive
c. Artificial Active
b. Natural Active
d. Natural Passive
A vaccine containing a weakened disease-causing organism is injected into the body
a. active immunity
c. passive immunity
b. allergies
d. tissue rejection
NK cells tend to work against:
a. parasitic worms
c.
b. bacteria
d.
cancerous cells
fungi
The secondary immune response is due to the presence of :
a. plasma cells
c. memory cells
b. suppressor cells d. complement
Complement and antibody attachment both cause __________________ so that an antigen is more likely
engulfed by a macrophage.
a) lysis b) opsonization c) agglutination d) coagulation
Which of these innate defense events comes last?
a. neutrophils actively phagocytize toxins, bacteria and debris
b. neutrophils move into the injured area through chemotaxis
c. neutrophils move toward and adhere to capillary walls
d. neutrophils migrate through capillary walls
e. neutrophils are replaced by macrophages derived from monocytes
Lymphokines (such as leukotrienes) are produced by __________ to aid the activation and proliferation of
B cells and T cells.
a. CD4 cells
c. CD8 cells
b. NK cells
d. regulatory T cells
Very small antigens that need to combine with another molecule in order to induce an immune response
are called :
a. haptens
c. epitopes
b. immunogens d. allergens
Once a CD8 cell is activated, it will secrete:
a. antibodies c. lymphokines
b. cytotoxins d. TNF-α
Jose receives a kidney transplant from Juan, his identical twin brother. This would be an example of a
____________ transplant.
a. autograft b. isograft c. allograft d. xenograft
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
a. A vaccination with dead or attentuated pathogens is an example of passive immunity .
b. Immunological memory is established by passive immunization.
c. Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of specific immunity that use
antibodies.
d. The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism.
The only immunoglobulin to exist as a pentamer is ________, which is why it is frequently part of a primary
immune response.
a. IgD
c. IgG
b. IgM d. IgA
The innate defense system includes all of these except :
a) mucous membranes b) macrophages
c) complement d) B lymphocytes
The only antibody that crosses the placental barrier is:
a. IgA
d. IgG
b. IgM
e. IgE
c. IgD
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivty reaction?
a. anaphylaxis
c. allergic contact dermatitis
b. cytotoxic hypersensitivity
d. all of the above
When a tissue is transplanted between two members of the same species it is called:
a. xenograft
c. allograft
b. isograft
d. autograft
Immediate hypersensitivities:
a. are also called type IV hypersensitivities
b. include cytotoxic injury and immune
complex disease
c. allergens cross link IgE antibodies found
on the surface of mast cells and basophils
and subsequently release histamine and
other mediators
d. occurs 1-3 hours of contact and lasts 1015 hours
The following are steps in the cell mediated response
1. antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage
2. cytotoxic cells migrate to the site of infection
3. undifferentiated T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen
4. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and T memory cells
5. cytotoxic T cells release perforins and / or lymphotoxin
Place them in the correct order of occurrence
a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4
c. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
d. 1, 3, 4, 2, 5
Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions are
a. IgA
d. IgE
b. IgG
e. IgD
c. IgM
Difficulty Level 2
Which of the following cells does not express MHC class I?
a. erythrocyte
c. dendritic cell
b. lymphocyte
d. hepatocyte(liver cell)
Select the correct statement (s) concerning complement.
1. Complement can be activated through three pathways, classic, alternative, and secondary
2. Coats bacterial surfaces which enhances phagocytosis
3. Stimulates inflammation
4. Are proteins produced by the thymus gland
a. 1 and 3
d. 2 and 3
b. 2 and 4
e. 1, 2, 3, and 4
c. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following have important antiviral effects
a. Neutrophils
b. Interferon
c. Natural Killer Cells d. A and B
e. B and C
Which of the following would not occur during the inflammatory response?
a. histamine and other chemical mediators c. vasoconstriction of blood vessels
are released
b. chemotaxis of phagocytes
d. increased permeability of blood vessels
Which of the following is an example of innate immunity?
a. tears and saliva help wash away
d. the stratified keratinized epithelium of
microorganisms
the skin
b. basophils release histamine
e. all of the above
c. the complement cascade is activated
Which pairing is incorrect?
a. redness - vasodilation
b. edema - increased capillary permeability
c. pain - increased capillary permeability
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
a. helper
b. regulatory
d. heat - vasodilation
e. loss of function - vasodilation
c. cytotoxic
d. Antigenic
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cell will proliferate?
a. antigen
c. cytokine
b. antibody
d. interleukin 2 (IL 2)
Which of the following is not a method used by antibodies to combat antigens?
a. agglutination of antigen
b. complement activation
c. trigger antigen apoptosis
d. precipitation of antigen
e. neutralization of antigen
Select the correct statement (s) about antibodies.
1. Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection
2. Antigen binds to the constant region
3. IgA is found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, and intestinal juice
4. They are glycoproteins secreted by B lymphocytes
5. IgM is the first antibody to be released during the primary infection.
a. 3 and 5
c. 1, 3, and 5
b. 2, 4, and 5
d. 5 only
A single IgG molecule:
a. acts as the B cell receptor
b. contains both heavy and light chains
c. has a variable region that binds to complement
d. has a constant region that binds to antigens
Which of the following statements regarding CD8 cytotoxic T cells is false?
a. they are activated by MHC I and MHC II
c. they induce apoptosis in their target cell
antigens
via granzyme B
b. their targets include virus infected cells
d. their activation requires costimulation by
and cancer cells
helper T cells
Which of the following cells would not have MHC class I antigens?
a. liver cell
d. macrophage
b. neuron
e. neither c or d would have an MHC class I
antigen
c. red blood cell
Which of the following statements best describes IgA antibodies?
a. They trigger the release of histamine
c. The first antibody released during a
during allergic reactions
primary immune response
b. Found in plasma and interstitial fluid and d. Found in saliva and prevents the
are very effective against bacteria
attachment of pathogens
Which of the following statements is/are true concerning major histocompatibility antigens?
1. MHC class II antigens are found on the surface of hepatocytes (liver cells)
2. MHC are self -antigens
3. MHC I antigens are recognized by cytotoxic T cells
4. MHC class II antigens complexed with a foreign antigen would be found on the surface of an antigen
presenting cell
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 2 and 4 only
c. 1 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
The variable regions on the arms of an antibody
a. make the antibody specific for an antigen d. enable the antibody to bind to mast cells
b. enable the antibody to activate
e. all of the above are true
complement
c. are part of the constant region
The cell mediated response is effective against
1. virus infected cells
2. transplanted cells (non-self)
3. haptens
4. tumor cells
a. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 4
d. 1, 2 and 4
e. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
a. prevents the spread of the injurious agent c. replaces injured tissues with connective
to nearby tissue
tissue
b. disposes of cellular debris and pathogens d. sets the stage for repair processes
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
a. NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
c. NK cells attack cells that display abnormal
MHC antigens.
b. NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, d. NK cells attack cancer cells and viruslymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
infected body cells.
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
a. Isografts are between identical twins.
c. Allografts are between different species.
b. Xenografts are between individuals of the d. Autografts are between two genetically
same species.
identical individuals.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
a. Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers.
b. Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells.
c. Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic
cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
d. MHC proteins are the cell’s identity markers.
Helper T cells ________.
a. bind tightly to target cells and release a
lymphotoxin called perforin
b. release C3a proteins
c. often function to decrease the immune
response
d. function in the adaptive immune system
activation
Antibody functions include all of the following, except ________.
a. binding and inactivating chemical toxins c. linking soluble antigens together so that
released by bacteria or other
they fall out of solution
microorganisms
b. cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red d. targeting foreign cells so that
blood cells when blood types are properly
complement proteins can cause cellular
matched
lysis
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
a. protects cells that have not yet been
c. activates the complement mechanism
infected by viruses
b. protects cells that have not yet been
d. activates the inflammatory process
infected by bacteria
Which of the following is true regarding B Lymphocytes:
a.
They stimulate Cytotoxic T cells
b.
They are antigen presenting cells
c.
They are essential in the production of antibodies
Activated T Helper Cells
a. Activates Naïve Cytotoxic cells
b. Stimulates Natural Killer Cells
c.
d.
Stimulates Macrophages
All of the above
Which response usually occurs after an individual receives a vaccination for influenza virus?
a. Hormones in the blood inhibit reproduction of the virus
b. Antibodies against the virus form in the blood.
C Enzymes released from platelets hydrolyze the virus.
c. Antigens from the vaccine deactivate the virus
In order for a cell to release interferons:
a. complement must be activated
b. an APC must present an antigen
c.
d.
the cell must be infected with a virus
helper T-cells must induce release
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
a. Immunodeficiencies are conditions where immune cells, phagocytes, or complement function
normally.
b. The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus.
c. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired, not genetic condition.
d. Immunodeficient conditions are the same as autoimmune reactions.
After a macrophage has engulfed a
bacteria, as is happening in the
photo here, what happens next?
a) the bacterium is destroyed
within a phagosome
b) the macrophageundergoes
apoptosis
c) interferons are released
d) NK cells destroy the macrophage
How are B cells activated?
a. APC presentation and antigenic binding to IgD on the B cell surface
b.
antigenic binding to IgD on the B cell surface and lymphokine release by CD4 cells
c. APC presentation and lymphokine release by CD4 cells
d. Unknown
Which of the following is matched incorrectly?
a. type 1 hypersensitivity: IgE
b. type II hypersensitivity: IgG
d. type IV hypersensitivity: IgG
e. type IV hypersensitivity: delayed
hypersensitivity
c. type III hypersensitivity: immune
complexes
A baby has a transient immunity as the result of IgG molecules passing across its mother’s placenta into its
bloodstream. This is an example of __________________ immunity.
a.
naturally acquired, active
c. artificially acquired, active
b.
naturally acquired, passive d. artificially acquired, passive
If someone is stricken with botulism, they will be administered horse antitoxin, which contains antibodies
against the botulinum toxin. This would be an example of _____________ immunity.
a. artificially acquired passive b. artificially acquired active
c. naturally acquired active
d. naturally acquired passive
“Bubble boy syndrome” is more properly referred to as:
a) acquired immune deficiency syndrome
b) systemic lupus erythromatosis
c) severe combined immunodeficiency
d) tubercular leprosy
Which of the following is true of immediate (acute) hypersensitives:
a. They involve T cells activating an inflammatory response.
b. They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
c. They are also called type IV hypersensitivities.
d. An example would include allergic contact dermatitis from hair dye or cosmetics.
Antibody function includes all of the following EXCEPT
a. bind and inactivate chemical toxins
c.
released by bacteria and other
microorganisms
b. link soluble antigens together so that they d.
fall out of the solution
target foreign cells so that the
complement proteins can cause cellular
lysis
cross- link cell bound antigens on red
blood cells when blood types are properly
matched
Males transplanted with bone marrow from their sisters have received a(n):
a. allograft
b. autograft
c. isograft
d. xenograft
Class I MHC proteins are found on the surface of _____________ ; Class II MHC proteins are found on the
surface of _______________
a. T lymphocyte; B lymphocyte
c. B lymphocyte; nucleated cell
b. nucleated cells; antigen presenting cell
d. antigen presenting cell; nucleated cell
Difficulty Level 3
You have been bitten by an animal with rabies. You are given a gamma globulin injection. This is an example
of
a. active, natural immunity
c. passive, natural immunity
b. active, artificial immunity
d. passive artificial immunity
In AIDS our main concern is the decrease in the level of:
a. B Lympocytes
c.
Memory Cells
b. Plasma Cells
d. T Lymphocytes
Which of the following may be low in an active HIV infection
a. CD4
b.
CD8
The fact that humans generally cannot contract diseases from other species (such as a human contracting
equine encephalitis) is because of:
a. mechanical barriers c. complement
b. species resistances d. phagocytosis
A Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
a.
c.
transfusion reaction
organ rejection
b.
d.
anaphylaxis from a bee sting
rash from wearing a bracelet made of nickel
When a tissue or organ is rejected, this is an example of a _______ hypersensitivity reaction.
a) type I b) type II c) type III d) type IV
Erthyroblastosis fetalis is best described by which category of hypersensitivity?
a) type I b) type II c) type III d) type IV
Type I hypersensitivities that release histamines and other vasodilators systemically can cause:
a) hypovolemic shock b) vascular shock
c) cardiogenic shock
d) orthostatic shock
One type of bare lymphocyte syndrome is caused by a genetic defect in MHC class II transactivator (CIITA)
which results in the inability to synthesize MHC class II and display it on the cell surface. The consequence of
this would be that
a. B lymphocytes are unable to develop
d. phagocytes cannot process antigens
b. CD8 T cells cannot function
e. antigens cannot be neutralized
c. CD 4 T cells cannot function
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM levels for the
mumps antigen. This would indicate the person
a. has just recovered from mumps
c. is just coming down with mumps
b. is allergic to mumps
d. has never been exposed to mumps
If the thymus failed to produce the hormone thymosin, we would expect to see a decrease in the number of:
a. B lymphocytes
d. cytotoxic T cells
b. NK cells
e. all of the above
c. neutrophils
Identify each of these antibodies by the proper class. (1 point each)
________________
________________
B cell
membrane
________________
Mast cell
________________
Other types of questions across all objectives of the topic - Immunity
MATCHING
a. Interferon
b. granzyme
c. interleukins
d. C- protein
e. perforins
1. released by cytotoxic T cells, molecules that insert into the membrane of a target cell and cause cell lysis
2. released by helper T cells function as co-stimulator to B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells
3. a molecule that induces apoptosis in target cells
4. produced by the liver this molecule binds to the surface of pathogens and activates complement
5. proteins released by virus infected cells that protects non-infected cells
SHORT ANSWER
List and describe the events of humoral immunity.
Pick either MHC I or MHC II class histocompatibility antigens (circle the one you’ve chosen) and
A. Name the cell type(s) that possess the antigen
B. Which cells recognize the antigen?
C. What is the function of the antigen?
Describe two ways that antibodies inactivate antigen.
Vascular changes lead to 2 of the hallmarks of inflammation. What are the vascular changes?
Name two chemical mediators that cause these changes. What are the specific symptoms of inflammation
that result from the vascular changes. Explain the connection between the vascular changes and the
symptoms.
Explain why is there no immunological memory associated with passive immunity. To fully answer this
question you need to describe how immunological memory comes about!
Describe how the following terms are different:
Th1 and Th2
MHC Class 1 and MHC Class 2:
Complete antigen and hapten:
What is complement? How are the classical, lectin and alternative pathways activated? Describe 2 ways that
complement proteins provide protection against pathogens.
Describe how a cytotoxic T cell kills a virus infected cell?
Describe two methods that antibodies use to inactivate antigen.
Describe positive and negative selection
Describe two ways that complement proteins help in defense against pathogens.
Children born without a thymus must be kept in a germ-free environment if they are to survive. Explain why
this is necessary.
Why does HIV ultimately result in overall immunodeficiency when it only attacks one type of lymphocyte?
Why does the EpiPen work in cases of hypersensitivities to bee stings? Describe what is happening to the
blood vessels, as well as the effects of the EpiPen on the vessels.
List the four cardinal signs of inflammation, and describe how each develops. What benefit is derived from the
development of each sign?
Describe the roles of helper T cells.
Compare and contrast IgM and IgG antibodies.