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Chapter 43 Immune System Figure 43.1 An overview of the body's defenses Traps microbes Ex. Lysozyme - protective protein Found: upper respiratory tract Opeing around eyes (tears, mucus) - edema (swelling) - redness - pain - blood flow Ex. Interferons - secreted by virus infected Bells, causes other cells to produce chemicals to inhibit viral reproduction Lymphocytes – B cells T cells Antibodies - proteins that attack antigens (foreign molecules) Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system Lymphatic system: - returns fluid from interstitial spaces - location where lymphocytes develop T cells B cells Leukocytes – any white blood cell B cells T cells Macrophages Monocytes Figure 43.5 A simplified view of the inflammatory response triggers inflamation Injured cells release chemicals: blood vessels and increases permeability of _______________ capillaries 1. Histamine - causes dilation of ________________ promotes blood flow 2. Prostaglandins - also ________________________________________________________ Fever can also result from infections inhibiting growth of microorganisms - moderate fever helps with defense by _______________________________________________ - facilitates phagocytosis repair - increase body reactions for ___________________________ * septic shock - caused by a large systemic inflammatory response - high fever - low blood pressure Antigens activate specific 2 types: 1. B cells Figure 43.6 Clonal selection Membrane antibodies also called foreign 2. T cells Different receptors on B cells - only one receptor fits the antigens shape membrane immunoglobulins Ex. Occurs due to: virus bacteria fungi protozoa parasitic worms pollen Long lived cells: can respond quickly to the next to the same Clone of B cells Clone of B cells can either develop into: memory cells clone plasma cells Short lived plasma cells, also called Secrete antibodies Specific to the antigen effector cells Figure 43.7 Immunological memory Primary immune response Responsible for initiating a • Effector B cells plasma cells (make antibodies) •Effector T cell response Memory cells proliferate at: initial exposure and second exposure secondary immune response Figure 43.8 The development of lymphocytes Lymphocytes are white blood cells Two types: T cells (develop in thymus) B cells (develop in bone marrow) Found: B cells and T cells must distinguish self from nonself, if not: - autoimmune diseases, have no self tolerance Both B and T cells have specific antigen receptors Develops in: Develops in: Figure 43.9 The interaction of T cells with MHC molecules Antigen presenting cell: APC Found on: Found on: - macrophages almost every cell in the body - B cells - T cells - inside thymus Major histocompatibility complex - distinguishes self from non-self identifies abnormal cells Figure 43.10 An overview of the immune responses Involves B cell activation with the production of antibodies Defends against: 1. free bacteria 2. toxins 3. viruses in body fluids Involves cytotoxic T cell activation Defends against: 1. cells infected by virus or bacteria 2. fungi 3. protozoa 4. parasitic worms responds to transplants and cancer cells Figure 43.11 The central role of helper T cells: a closer look protein antigen presenting cell Cytokines - proteins that stimulate other lymphocytes ex. interleukin 1, interleukin 2 the surface using a class II MHC molecule 1. APC engulfs bacteria, transports to ______________________________________________ MHC antigen complex 2. A specific TH cell binds to the __________________________________________________ APC enhances TH cells to secrete interleukin-2 interleukin-1 secreted by the __________________________________________________ T cells and memory T cells H 3. TH cell proliferates into more___________________________________________________ other cytokines and interleukin-2 are secreted T cells and activates B cells and T cells H C 4. Cytokines stimulate __________________________________________________________ Figure 43.12a The functioning of cytotoxic T cells antigen using a class I MHC molecule 1. Infected cells displays _______________________________________________________ MHC antigen complex TC cell binds to the __________________________________________ perforin 2. TC cell releases ______________ creates pores in the membrane of the infected cell _______ into infected cell 3. Water and ions flow _________________________ cell lysis ________________________ Figure 43.13 Humoral response to a T-dependent antigen Figure 43.14 Epitopes (antigenic determinants) Antibodies - a group of proteins called immunoglobulins disease or vaccination Active immunity - immunity from an infectious _________________________________________ placenta Passive immunity - mother to fetus through the __________________ breast milk antibodies passes __________________ also through ________________________________ Blood type: type A blood type B blood A contains _______ antigens B contains _______ anitgens A, B type AB blood contains _______ antigens type O blood no antigens contains _______ Rh factor can cause fetus RBC’s to be destroyed antibodies *blood contains _______________ antigens to fight ____________________ after a transfusion Figure 43.16 Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity Figure 43.20 The stages of HIV infection