Download honors biology b final exam review guide

HONORS BIOLOGY B FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis? What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
What is the function of ATP? _
What are the 3 components of ATP?
a. What are ribose and adenine collectively called? ____________________
Describe the ATP/ADP cycle by 1) explaining how a cell releases the energy stored in an ATP molecule and 2) naming the
enzymes responsible for both the production of and the breakdown of ATP.
Briefly describe the 3 stages of photosynthesis.
Draw and label the parts of a chloroplast (thylakoid, grana and stroma)
What are the 2 types of chlorophyll and what color(s) does each absorb and reflect?
What are carotenoids?
What is a photosystem?
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast?
Which photosystem, I or II, is the first to act during the light-dependent reactions?
Briefly describe how ATP is produced in the light-dependent reactions.
What is the “waste product” (is released) of the light-dependent reactions?
What is the end product of photosystem II?
What is the end product of photosystem I? _
How are the electrons replaced from photosystem II?
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
What does “carbon fixation” mean?
Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Answer the following questions about the Calvin Cycle:
a. What is the starting component of the Calvin Cycle?
b. Where does (a) come from?
c. What does (a) bind to?
d. Why does the initial six-carbon molecule that is produced split apart?
e. When the six-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules, its name is ________and it is (low or high) in
energy.
f. Each PGA molecule receives ___from ATP and NADPH. It is then converted to _____
g. _____is needed to convert PGAL into RuBP so that the Calvin Cycle may continue.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
22. Define cellular respiration.
23. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
24. In what organelle does cellular respiration occur in?
25. What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
26. Define glycolysis. Why does glycolysis have to happen?
27. Briefly describe the steps of glycolysis.
28. What are the products of glycolysis?
29. What is the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis?
30. What part of the cell does glycolysis occur in?
31. Define aerobic respiration.
32. What is the first step of the Krebs cycle? (hint: what has to happen to the pyruvic acid BEFORE it
enters the Krebs Cycle)
33. Briefly summarize the steps of the Krebs cycle (be able to fill in various blanks of the Krebs Cycle for
the quiz)
34. What is another name for the Krebs Cycle? Why is it also known as this?
35. What are the products of the Krebs cycle? ____NADH, ____ FADH2, ____ATP, and ____carbon
dioxide molecules (PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE)
36. Using your diagrams given in class, briefly explain the electron transport chain
37. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (accepts protons and electrons to
make water)?
38. What are the products of the electron transport chain?
39. In what stage is most of the ATP formed during cellular respiration?
DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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What are two reasons that DNA is unique?
What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
What are the four nitrogen bases present in DNA?
What are purines? How many rings do they have?
What are pyrimidines? How many rings do they have?
The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by what FOUR scientists (last names only are okay) and
in what year?
Be able to label the structures of a DNA molecule (refer to notes):
a.
What is the backbone of DNA made out of?
b.
What holds the DNA molecule together?
c.
The nitrogen bases are always connected to the (sugar or phosphate)?
Name the complementary strands of a DNA molecule (for example, adenine binds with….)
What enzyme “unzips” the two strands of DNA in DNA replication?
What does DNA polymerase do?
If one strand of DNA is ATTCCG, what is the other complementary strand of DNA?
What are the three types of RNA? What does each type do?
What are the three differences between RNA and DNA?
What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?
Briefly describe the steps of transcription.
What enzyme is responsible for transcription?
How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?
If an RNA molecule contains the sequence AAC GCU, what is the sequence of the DNA molecule from
which it was made?
A series of three mRNA nitrogen bases that contains the information needed to make proteins are called
what?
What is the universal start codon?
What are the three stop codons? (look at codon wheel; this will be provided on the test)
What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?
Draw a tRNA molecule and label its parts.
Find the mRNA strand, tRNA anticodon and amino acid sequence for the following DNA strand: TAC
CCT CAT ACT
Draw a picture of what happens in protein synthesis OR copy and paste a picture (start with the mRNA
strand leaving the nucleus). Then, briefly describe the process of translation.
What does the word “mutation” mean?
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called ___
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as ___
In what way(s), if any, do mutations change organisms?
What are the 3 examples of gene (point) mutations?
What are the 3 types of substitutions? Explain each.
Insertions and deletions usually result in frameshift mutations. What does this mean?
What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations? Explain each.
CELL CYCLE/MITOSIS
74. What are the two reasons why cells have to divide?
75. Cell division occurs in two main stages. What are they?
76. Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes in terms of:
a. Structure
b. Appearance
c. Organization
d. Presence in cell
e. Visualization on a microscope
77. Draw an unduplicated chromosome.
78. Draw a duplicated chromosome and label: centromere, sister chromatids, telomere.
79. Briefly explain how 6 feet of DNA is packed into the nucleus of every cell in our body. Use the terms: histone, nucleosome,
chromatin.
80. How many chromosomes are found in human body cells? How many chromosomes are found in human sex cells (sperm and egg)?
81. What is the cell cycle?
82. What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle?
a. Explain each stage of the cell cycle.
b. What is the G0 stage? Give 3 examples of cells that, once matured in the G1 phase, enter the G0 stage indefinitely.
83. Cells spend most of their lifetime in what stage? What 3 phases of the cell cycle does this include?
84. What are the four stages of mitosis, in order?
85. Briefly describe what happens in each of the four stages of mitosis. *Be able to identify the stage of mitosis being shown in a picture.
86. CANCER FACT SHEET questions:
a. What is the name of the proteins that regulate the cell cycle?
b. Define cancer.
c. What are tumors? What are 2 types of tumors?
d. What causes cancer?
e. What are the 3 most common ways to treat cancer?
GENETICS
87. Who is considered the “Father of Genetics”? What type of plant did he study?
88. How did Mendel set up his experiment, starting with the P1 generation to the F2 generation?
89. What does “true-breeding” mean?
90. Summarize Mendel’s 4 principles.
91. Be able to solve monohybrid and dihybrid story problems!
a. What are the steps to solving dihybrid story problems?
92. Give 3 examples to show how dominant traits don’t necessarily mean that they are more prevalent in the population.
93. What are the 4 blood types?
94. For each blood type, know:
a. The type of antigen (protein) present
b. Possible genotypes
c. Antibodies found
d. What type they can donate blood to
e. What type they can receive blood from
95. What is the rH factor? Why is it important during pregnancy?
96. What blood type is the universal donor? Why? What blood type if the universal recipient? Why?
97. What is the most common blood type? Least common?
98. Describe the following:
a. Incomplete dominance (and give an example)
b. Codominance (give an example)
c. Multiple alleles (give an example)
d. Polygenic traits (give an example)
e. Homologous chromosomes
f. Haploid (what type of cells are haploid)
g. Diploid (what type of cells are diploid)
99. What is meiosis?
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Know the steps of meiosis I and II. Be able to match drawings with descriptions. What is the end result of
meiosis I? What is the end of meiosis II?
101.
Complete the chart below:
Mitosis
Meiosis
Is the original parent cell
haploid or diploid?
How many daughter
cells are produced?
____sperm cell(s) are formed in males;
____egg cell(s) are formed in females.
Are the daughter cells
haploid or diploid?
Are the daughter cells
identical to the parent
cell? yes or no
Are the daughter cells
identical to each other?
yes or no
What type of cell does
this occur in? somatic or
sex cells
102.
How many viable sperm cells are created during meiosis? How many viable egg cells are created during
meiosis?
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What are polar bodies? How many form during female meiosis?
104.
Define the following words:
1. Genotype
2. Phenotype
3. Homozygous
4. Heterozygous
5. Segregation
6. Allele
7. Punnett square
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What is a karyotype?
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Be able to interpret a karyotype:
1. What is the sex of the child?
2. Label the autosomes. Label the sex chromosomes.
3. Does the child display any disorders such as:
a. Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)
b. Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY)
c. Turner Syndrome (45, X)
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What is a pedigree?
1. Be able to draw a pedigree based on given information.
2. Be able to interpret a pedigree.
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Describe autosomal dominant genetic disorders. Be able to show how this type of disorder is passed on to
offspring using a Punnett square.
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Describe autosomal recessive genetic disorders. Be able to show how this type of disorder is passed on to
offspring using a Punnett square.
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Describe X-linked disorders. Be able to show how this type of disorder is passed on to offspring using a Punnett
square.
EVOLUTION
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Define evolution.
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Who was responsible for adopting the theory of evolution?
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What is a scientific theory?
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Describe the Galapagos Islands (why is life there so diverse?)
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Why were Darwin’s ideas so controversial at the time?
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What did James Hutton propose?
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What did Charles Lyell propose?
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How did the above scientists help shape Darwin’s theory?
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Describe AND give an example of each of Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s 3 hypotheses about how and why
organisms evolve.
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Why do we study Lamarck’s ideas if they are flawed?
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What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote 25 years after his journey on the HMS Beagle?
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Describe struggle for existence.
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Briefly describe what natural selection is.
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What is descent with modification?
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Give two examples of evolution that we can see happening today.
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What are 4 pieces of evidence supporting evolution?
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Describe how geographic distribution of living species supports evolution.
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What are homologous structures? Give an example.
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What are analogous structures? Give an example.
130.
What are vestigial organs? Give 3 examples (what they used to do and why we don’t need them
anymore)
131.
How do similarities in embryology support evolution?
132.
Define gene pool.
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What are two sources of genetic variation?
134.
What is genetic drift? What is the founder effect?
135.
Define species.
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For a species to evolve into two (or more) new species, the _____of the two populations must
become separated.
137.
Describe and give an example of the 3 types of reproductive isolation.
138.
Describe how one species of finch on the mainland of South America became 13 different species
dispersed throughout the Galapagos Islands.
139.
In just a few simple sentences, describe how Earth formed, according to scientists.
140.
What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey’s experiment prove?
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How did living cells originate from organic molecules?
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What were the very first life-forms on Earth?
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
143. Copy and complete the following table:
Name of System
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Nervous
Circulatory
Respiratory
Excretory
Endocrine
Reproductive
Immune/Lymphatic
Major Organ(s) Involved in System
Function(s) of System