Download Lymphatic System Vocabulary

Lymphatic System Vocabulary
1. Active Immunity:
18.Macrophages:
2. Allergies:
19.Memory Cells
3. Anaphylactic Shock:
20.Natural Killer Cells:
4. Antibodies:
21.Exotoxins:
5. Antigens:
22.Nonspecific body Defense:
6. Autoimmune Disease:
23.Passive Immunity:
7. B lymphocytes (B cells):
24.Pathogens:
8. Cellular Immunity:
25.Peyer’s Patches:
9. Cytotoxic T cell:
26.Phagocytes:
10.Helper T cell:
27.Plasma Cell:
11.Humoral Immunity:
28.Pus:
12.Immunosuppressive therapy:
29.Fever:
13.Inflammatory Response:
30.Specific Defense Systems:
14.Interferons:
31.Spleen:
15.Lymph Nodes:
32.Suppressor T Cell:
16.Lymphatic Vessels:
33.T lymphocytes (T cells):
17.Lymphocytes:
34.Tonsils:
Lymphatic System Vocabulary
1. Active Immunity: is 1)naturally acquired during bacterial & viral infections where we
may develop symptoms of the disease & suffer a little & 2)artificially acquired when we
receive vaccines.
2. Allergies: (also called hypersensitivities) are abnormally vigorous immune responses in
which the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived “threat” that
would otherwise be harmless to the body.
3. Anaphylactic Shock: systemic acute allergic response is fairly rare occurs when the
allergen directly enters the blood & circulates rapidly through the body. Ex. Insect sting.
Epinephrine is the drug of choice to reverse these histamine effects.
4. Antibodies: also called immunoglobullins make the gamma globulin part of blood proteins.
They are secreted by B cells or by plasma cells in response to an antigen & are capable of
binding specifically with that antigen.
5. Antigen-binding site: site uniquely shaped to fit its specific antigen. Each antibody has 2
such sites.
6. Antigens: is any substance capable of exciting our immune system & causing an immune
response. Most are large, complex molecules that are not normally present in our bodies.
7. Autoimmune Disease: condition where the immune system loses its ability to distinguish
friend from foe & the body produces antibodies & sensitized T cells that attack & damage
the body’s own tissues. Ex. MS, Graves disease, Rheumatoid arthritis
8. B lymphocytes (B cells): help make antibodies (immunoglobulins) & oversee the humoral
immunity. Found in lymphocytes that live in the lymph nodes, spleen or other lymphoid
tissues.
9. Benefits of the Inflammatory response: 1) prevents the spread of damaging agents to
nearby tissues; 2) disposes of cell debris & pathogens, & 3) sets the stage for repair.
10.Cellular Immunity: also called cell-mediated immunity; when lymphocytes themselves
defend the body. Lymphocytes act directly by lysis the foreign cells or indirectly by
releasing chemical that enhance the inflammatory response or activate other immune cells.
11. Chemotaxis: a phenomenon when cells are injured, they release inflammatory chemical,
including histamine & kinins, that 1) cause blood vessels in the involved area to dilate &
capillaries to become leaky, 2) activate pain receptors, & 3) attract phagocytes & white
blood cells to the area.
12.Clone: identical cells descended from the same ancestor cell. A clone formation is the
primary humoral response to that antigen.
13.Complement: group of plasma proteins activated after binding to antibody-covered
antigens; that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization & intensifies
inflammatory response.
14.Cytotoxic T cell: also called a Killer T cell; activity enhanced by helper T cells; its
specialty is killing virus-invaded body cells, as well as body cells that have become
cancerous; involved in graft rejection.
15.Edema: fluid accumulation within the tissues that causes swelling.
16.Fever: systemic response triggered by pyrogens; Normal body temperature is regulated
by the hypothalamus which is 98.2 deg. F. High body temperature inhibits multiplication of
bacteria & enhances body repair processes.
17.First Line of Defense: (a nonspecific protective response) against invading pathogens is
the undamaged skin & mucous membranes. Some of the barriers they present are:1) the
acid pH of skin secretions inhibits bacterial growth & sebum contains chemicals that are
toxic to bacteria. 2) the stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid & protein-digesting
enzymes. Both kill pathogens. 3) saliva & lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme & enzyme that
destroys bacteria. 4) sticky mucus traps many microorganisms that enter digestive &
respiratory passageways.
18.Helper T cell: a regulatory T cell that binds with a specific antigen presented by a
macrophage; it stimulates the production of other immune cells (killer T cells & B cells) to
help fight the invader; acts both directly & indirectly by releasing lymphokines.
19.Humoral Immunity: also called antibody-mediated immunity is provided by antibodies
present in the body’s fluids or “humors”.
20.Immunity: a highly specific resistance to disease.
21.Immuunosuppressive therapy: preventive therapy after surgery to prevent rejection of a
graft. It includes one or more of the following: corticosteroids to suppress inflammation,
cytotoxic drugs, radiation therapy, & immunosuppressor drugs. It basically suppresses the
immune system but also leaves the body open to infection.
22.Inflammatory Response: a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues
are injured. It prevents the spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues, disposes of
pathogens & dead tissue cells & promotes tissue repair; chemical mediators released attract
phagocytes & immunocompetent cells to the area. It occurs in response to physical trauma,
intense heat, & irritating chemicals as well as to infection by viruses & bacteria. There are
4 cardinal signs & major symptoms of an acute inflammation: 1) redness, 2) heat, 3)
swelling, 4) pain.
23.Interferons: Proteins released by virus-infected cells that protect uninfected tissue cells
from viral takeover; mobilize immune system.
24.Leukocytes: white blood cells which are less numerous than red blood cells & are crucial
to the body’s defense against disease.
25.Lymph Nodes: help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria &
tumor cells from the lymphatic stream & by producing lymphocytes that function in the
immune response. Most lymph nodes are kidney-shaped, less than 1” long & buried in the
connective tissue that surrounds them.
26.Lymphatic System: is our immune system that is broken down into 2 semi-independent
parts: 1) lymphatic vessels that transport fluids that have escaped from the circulatory
system back to the blood & 2) lymphoid tissues & organs: house phagocytic cells &
lymphocytes, which play essential roles in body defense & resistance to disease. It is a low
pressure but pumpless system where lymph is transported by the same mechanisms that aid
return of venous blood (the milking action of the skeletal muscles & the pressure changes in
the thorax during breathing).
27.Lymphatic Vessels: (also called lymphatics) they pick up the excess tissue fluid called
lymph (clear water) & return it to the bloodstream. Lymph flows only towards the heart.
28.Lymphocytes: the 2nd most numerous type of white blood cells that are helpful in the
immune response. Only a small portion are found in the bloodstream, but most are found in
lymphoid tissues.
29.Lymphokines: cytokine chemicals released by sensitized T cells that act indirectly to rid
the body of antigens by 1) stimulating killer T cells & B cells to grow & divide; 2) attracting
other types of protective white blood cells into the area; & 3) enhancing the ability of
macrophages to engulf & destroy microorganisms.
30.Macrophages: found within the lymph nodes these cells engulf & destroy bacteria,
viruses & other foreign substances in the lymph before it is returned to the blood.
31.Memory Cells: B cell clone member that do not become plasma cells become long-lived
memory cells capable of responding to the same antigen at later meetings.
32.Monokines: proteins secreted by macrophages that are important in the immune
response.
33.Natural Killer Cells: promote cell lysis & kill cancer cells & virus infected body cells
before the immune system is activated in the fight. They do not depend on specific antigen
recognition. They are Not phagocytic, rather they attack the pathogen’s cell membrane &
release several chemicals which make the pathogens’ cell membrane & nucleus disintegrate.
34.Neutralization: occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins
(toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can cause cell injury. This way
they block the harmful effects of the exotoxin or virus.
35.Neutrophils: the most numerous of the white blood cells & are twice as large as
erythrocytes. They are chemically attar ted to sites of inflammation & are active
phagocytes & are partial to bacteria & some fungi.
36.Nonspecific body Defense: responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign
substances, whatever they are. They are provided by intact skin, & mucous membranes, the
inflammatory response, & a number of proteins produced by body cells. It’s job is to reduce
the workload of the specific defense system. Some of these defense are inherited but most
are mechanical barriers that cover body surfaces & to cells & chemicals that act on the
initial invading pathogens.
37.Passive Immunity: instead of having antibodies made in the plasma cells, the antibodies
are obtained from the serum of an immune human or animal donor. This way your B cells
are not challenged by the antigen, immunological memory does not occur, & the temporary
protection provide by the “borrowed antibodies” ends when they naturally degrade in the
body. It can occur naturally by the mother passing her antibodies across the placenta to the
fetus. & artificially when one receives immune serum or gamma globulin.
38.Pathogens: disease causing microorganisms.
39.Peyer’s Patches: resemble tonsils, are found in the wall of the small intestine & contain
macrophages that capture & destroy bacteria, thereby preventing them from penetrating the
intestinal wall. Peyer’s patches & the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid
tissues referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). MALT acts as a sentinel
to protect the upper respiratory & digestive tracts from the never ending attacks of foreign
matter entering those cavities.
40.Phagocytes: a cell that engulfs a foreign particle that may be dangerous to that cell, much
the way an amoeba ingests a food particle. Ex. Macrophage or neutrophil.
41.Plasma Cell: (antibody producing machine) most of the B cell clone members or
descendants become plasma cells, which are antibody producing “factories” These are short
lived lasting only 4-5 days, before they die off.
42.Pus: is a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, & living & dead
pathogens. If the inflammatory mechanism fails to fully clear the area of debris, the sac of
pus may become walled off, forming an abscess requiring surgical drainage before healing
can occur.
43.Pyrogens: fire chemicals secreted by white blood cells & macrophages exposed to foreign
cells or substances in the body which causes the normal body temperature to increase
44.Right Lymphatic Duct: a large duct in the thoracic region which drains the lymph form
the right arm & the right side of the head & thorax & empties the lymph into the subclavian
vein on the right side of the body.
45.Second Line of Defense: (a nonspecific protective response) an enormous number of
cells & chemicals to protect the body. These defenses rely on the destructive powers of
phagocytes, fever, & natural killer cells, the inflammatory response & a variety of chemical
substances that kill pathogens & help repair tissue.
46.Specific Defense Systems: (also called the immune system) mounts the attack against
particular foreign substances. It is a functional system rather than an organ system in an
anatomical sense. Its structures are a variety of molecules & tr8illions of immune cells. The
most important of the immune cells are the lymphocytes & macrophages.
47.Spleen: (a type of lymphoid organ) is a blood-rich organ that filters blood of bacteria,
viruses, & other debris & is located in the left side of the abdominal cavity & extends to curl
around the anterior aspect of the stomach. It’s most important function is to destroy wornout red blood cells & return some of their breakdown products to the liver.
48.Suppressor T Cell: slows or stops the activity of B & T cells once the infection has been
conquered.
49.T lymphocytes (T cells): are non-antibody producing lymphocytes; they function in the
immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells & tumor cells.
50.Third line of Defense: also called the Immune response; where protective antibodies & T
lymphocyte cells invade the area to act specifically & directly against the damaging agents.
Plus it primes the body to react more vigorously to later meetings with the same antigen.
When this line of defense fails or malfunctions some of the most devastating diseases may
result like AIDS, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis. It has 3 main aspects: 1) it is antigen specific
of invading pathogens or foreign substances; 2) it is systemic, & 3) it has a memory to help if
the pathogen is ever re-introduced.
51.Thoracic Duct: receives lymph from the rest of the body (not including the right arm or
rt. side of the head). & empties the lymph into the subclavian vein on its side of the body.
52.Thymus: functions at peak levels only during youth, is a lymphatic mass found low in the
throat overlying the heart. It produces hormones that function in the programming of certain
lymphocytes so they can carry out their protective roles in the body.
53. Tonsils: are small masses of lymphatic tissue that ring the pharynx (the throat) where
they are found in the mucosa. They trap & remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens
entering the throat. They do this so well, that sometimes they become congested w/bacteria
& become red, swollen & sore a condition called tonsillitis.