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Review for Test: Mitosis , Meiosis, DNA, Scientific Method, and Earth Space Spiraling What is DNA and How does it work? 1. DNA shape 1. spiraling ladder or double helix 2. Function of DNA? 1. Acts as a blueprint for living things 3. Amino Acids? 1. tiny chemicals that make up proteins – building blocks 4. Relationship between DNA and amino acids (AA) 1. DNA tells the AA in what shape to line up in order to create a protein 5. What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA? 5. adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine 6. Ribosomes make proteins by reading the DNA and line up the amino acids; List the Steps to make proteins • • • • • DNA makes RNA Ribosomes and RNA lines up aa AA makes proteins Proteins makes cells Cells make life Guanine Adenine Cytosine Thymine sugar phosphate backbone Hydrogen Bonds Review DNA Think about these questions on your own. 1. What is the function of DNA? • DNA acts as a blueprint for living things. It tells the ribosomes in what order to line up the amino acids to create proteins. 2. Where is DNA housed in the cell? • Nucleus 3. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? • DNA is housed in the nucleus and RNA is a copy of DNA that is moved to the cytoplasm to be read by ribosomes to make proteins. 4. What is the relationship between DNA , ribosomes, and amino acids. • DNA is copied to RNA and then ribosomes read the RNA and tell amino acids in what order to line up in to create proteins. Prokaryotic • No membrane bound organelles • DNA – Circular • No Nucleus • Example: bacteria • Antibiotics are specific to these cells Both • Genetic Material – DNA • Ribosomes • Cell Membranes • Have organelles • Cells perform certain functions Eukaryotic • Membrane bound organelles • DNA – double helix • Nucleus • Example: fungus and human cells • Antibiotics don’t work Mitosis • Asexual reproduction • Growth and repair in multicellular organisms • Makes body cells - Identical cells • Unicellular organisms reproduce • Does PMAT once • End product 2 identical cells Both Meiosis • DNA is duplicated during Interphase • Spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes • Used to create new cells • Spindle fibers are attached to the centrioles helping to pull apart the chromosomes. • Sexually reproduction • Homologous chromosomes – about size and same types of genes in same location • Gametes are the sex cells the egg and sperm • Cells are all different from each other at end • End product 4 cells with half the genetic material • Does PMAT twice • Crossing over- transfer of genetic material between homologous chromosomes • Cross over occurs in Prophase I • Non-disjunction – when chromosomes do not separate correctly and lead to genetic disorders Interphase: DNA condenses into a chromatid and is copied. Prophase: The chromosomes are condensed, the spindle fibers begin to form from the centrioles, and the nuclear membrane dissolves. Metaphase :The chromosome align on the cell’s middle Anaphase: Chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles. Telophase: The nuclear membrane forms around both sets of chromosomes. The cell divides into two identical cells Cytokinesis: The cell divides into two identical cells. 1. What do cells have to do during Interphase? • Mitosis Interphase = the cell keeps growing , copies the DNA, duplicates necessary organelles , takes up nutrients , makes proteins 2. What happens to the cell membrane , nuclear envelope , and centrosomes during Mitosis? • • • The cell membrane gets larger than divides in half. (cytokinesis) The nuclear envelope dissolves then reforms during telophase. The centrosomes duplicate and make two centrosomes in the cells. 3. What two things make up centrosomes? • Centrosomes are made up of centrioles and microtubules. 4. What is the function of centrosomes? • The function of centrosomes are attach to the chromosomes and pull them apart 5. What is DNA wrapped around to be condensed? • When DNA is condensed it is wrapped around a protein called a histone. 6. The X shaped DNA is called a chromosome. 7. The two slashes are called sister chromatid. Back of half Sheet 1. Draw the three parts of interphase. 2. Then the phases of Mitosis during the video. Interphase Draw on back of half sheet leave room underneath each drawing to take notes • Nuclear membrane dissolves • Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes • Chromosomes line up in middle • Chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles. Cytokinesis • The nuclear envelopes reform around the chromatids. • The cell splits in two Spiraling Lesson Launcher 11/4 1. What is the difference between rotation and revolution? • Rotation is the movement of the Earth on its axis, causing day and night. • Revolution is the movement of the Earth around the sun. (year) 2. What causes Seasons? • Seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth towards or away from the sun. 3. What is Earth’s angle of tilt? • Earth’s tilt is 23.5 degrees. Lesson Launcher – Quiz Questions Review 1. Which of the following is a true statement? A. Cells prepare for Mitosis in prophase B. During Mitosis a cell divides twice C. During telophase the cells’ nuclear envelope reforms 2. Mitosis is the process by which A. B. C. D. cells grow in size. a cell’s nucleus divides. cytokinesis occurs. DNA is replicated 3. What incorrectly describes what happens during the phase labeled B. A. B. C. D. The nuclear envelope dissolves The DNA is copied The centrosomes begin to form This is prophase 4. Proteins are built in the ________________. A. Cell wall B. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria D. Golgi Apparatus • Gene – sequence of DNA that determines a trait and passed form parent to offspring • Example: height , weight, eye color, hair color • Genotype – an organism’s genetic make-up • Example : order of nitrogen bases – ATCGCGTACG • Phenotype - an organism’s physical appearance or traits • Example - brown hair , blue eyes • Heterozygous – two different alleles for a particular gene • Homozygous – same alleles for a particular gene Homologous chromosomes – are about the same size and same types of genes in same location Homologous chromosomes are separated during telophase I Crossing over – exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes, which occurs during Prophase I Crossing- Over Lesson Launcher Spiraling 1. What has to happen to classify a moon as a super moon? • • A moon becomes a super moon when a new moon is closer to Earth during its orbit. If the moon is 90 closer to the Earth during its orbit. 2. What is a moon illusion? • A moon illusion is when a moon is near the horizon and creates an optical illusion. 3. What are the dates of the 3 super moons? • The dates of the 3 super moons are Oct 16th , Nov , 14, and Dec 14th. 4. What is the order of the following from largest to smallest: universe, Andromeda galaxy , solar system, sun, planet, moon Nature of Science Answers #1 What should a scientist do after they have created the problem they want to study? #2 What is the variable that changes due to the experiment? #3 What is the purpose of a control variable? Research the topic #4 Maggie observed the foraging habbits of birds during the different seasons. What is the independent and dependent variable? #5 Explain the difference between a scientific law and theory. IDV: different seasons DV: foraging habits Dependent Variable A control lets the scientist compared answers A scientific law is simple and always observed true, while a scientific theory is complex and has been test multiple times by many different scientist to be proven true Cells and Homeostasis Answers #6 Does diffusion require energy? No #7 What does a multi-cellular organism use cell Growth and repair division for? #8 What is the difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? #9 What is the order of the levels of organization from smallest to largest? #10 What organelle provides the energy for the cell to actively transport materials across it? Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast and uses sunlight to make glucose, while cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria and coverts glucose to energy for the cell. atoms , elements, molecules, compounds, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism Mitochondria Cell Parts and DNA Answers #11 What is the lysosomes like Mr. Pacman? #12 What is the function of a ribosome? #13 Why is the DNA copied into RNA and where does it go? They both eat things. to make proteins There is not enough room in the nucleus for the DNA to be read to make proteins , so a copy called RNA is made and moved into the cytoplasm to make proteins. #14 What are the 4 nitrogen bases of Adamine , thymine, guanine, cytosine DNA? #15 What two organelles does a plant Cell wall and chloroplast cell have than an animal cell does not? Mitosis and Meiosis Answers #16 What cell division is used to produce gametes? #17 Give an example of a somatic cell and what type of division creates somatic cells? #18 How many times does a cell divide in meiosis? #19 What is the reason you and your siblings do not look alike? Meiosis Lung , heart, liver, skin cells Type of Division: Mitosis or asexual Twice because it produces 4 cells with half genetic information During Prophase I the homolgous chromosomes exchange DNA ,which is called crossing over. #20 Why does meiosis produce cells with The cells produced in meiosis have half the genetic half the needed amount of genetic information because they will combine with another cell information? with half genetic information during fertilization and create an offspring with a complete set of DNA. Earth Space Answers #21 How is metamorphic rock formed? Heat and Pressure #22 What is the oldest rock type? #23 Which of Earth's spheres is all the water in the form of ice? #24 Order the following from largest to smallest: galaxy , moon, planet, sun #25 What is the order of the celestial bodies to create a solar eclipse? igneous Cryosphere Galaxy , sun , planet, moon sun - moon - earth 1. Why does the gravity of the moon not move buildings on Earth? The gravity of the moon does not move buildings on Earth because building have foundations and are stable structures. 4. Neap Tide 2. High and Low Tide 3. Spring Tide 5. How does the sun enhance or diminish the moon’s gravitational pull? The sun enhances the moon’s gravitational pull when it is in a line with the earth and moon. The sun diminishes the moon’s gravitational pull when it makes a right angle with moon and earth. Scientific Method Research Variables Question Graphs All of these words are parts or steps of the scientific method. Question (problem) is the 1st step, Research is the 2nd step. Variables are part of the experiment and graphs are in the data and analysis step of the scientific method. DNA Nucleus Meiosis Nitrogen bases Gametes Prophase I Chromosome Crossing over Chromosome Nitrogen bases make up DNA which is found in the nucleus. Chromosomes are DNA tightly packed. Crossing over occurs in prophase I and it is when the chromosomes exchange DNA and it creates daughter cells that are not genetically identical, which are called gametes. Questions to answer in Days of Week group 1. What cells in your body go through mitosis? • Somatic or body cells go through mitosis in the body. Mitosis is used for growth and repair in multicellular organisms Examples: liver cells, skin cells, heart cells 2. Why does meiosis going through PMAT twice? • Meiosis produces 4 cells with half the genetic information. If it only divided once it would produce 2 cells with a complete set of genetic information like mitosis, therefore it has to divide twice. 3. How many cells are produced in mitosis and meiosis? 1. Meiosis produces 4 cells with half genetic material and Mitosis produces 2 cells with a complete set of genetic information. 4. Why are you not genetically identical to your brother and sister? • Crossing over occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis and it exchanges genetic information causing the product cells to be different. Lesson Launcher Spiraling 1. What is weather? • Weather is conditions of the atmosphere at that period in time. 2. List the factors that affect weather. • Factors that affect weather are temperature , humidity, air pressure. 3. What does high pressure bring? • High pressure brings sunny clear days. 4. What does low pressure bring? • Low pressure brings rainy cloudy days. 5. What is the difference between weather and climate? • The difference between weather and climate is weather is the conditions of the atmosphere at a given time and climate is the conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time.