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Chapter 13 Gene Technology
Section 1 Vocabulary Pretest
1. Length Polymorphism
2. Variable number tandem repeats
3. Polymerase chain reaction
4. Primer
5. Restriction enzyme
6. Gel electrophoresis
7. DNA fingerprint
8. Genetic engineering
9. Recombinant DNA
10. Clone
11. Vector
12. Plasmid
13. Probe
DNA Technology
• __________________________ is the manipulation of DNA for practical purposes such as:
o ________________________________ using DNA fingerprinting
o _______________________________________
o Identifying ______________________________________ before symptoms appear
o _________________________ for cures or treatments of genetic diseases
DNA Identification
• About ___________ of human DNA differs from person to person. This variation allows
us to:
o _____________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________
Noncoding DNA
• ______________ of our DNA does not code for any protein
• It is called _____________________________________
• It contains many _____________________________________________ (variations in the length of
the DNA molecule between known genes)
• It also contains short, repeating sequences known as ____________________________________
__________________________________________
• Geneticists use VNTR’s to determine how ________________________________________________.
• Steps in DNA Identification
1. ____________________________________ (make copies if needed)
2. _________________________ into shorter fragments that contain known VNTR areas
3. _________________________ by size
4. _____________________ the size fragments in the unknown sample of DNA to those
of known samples of DNA
Copying DNA: PCR
• ____________________________________________________is a technique that quickly produces
many copies of a DNA fragment (it is used if the DNA fragment is very small)
• Steps:
o Start with a _________________________________ with the sequence to be copied
o ________________________________________________________________ the DNA strands
o ___________________________ (artificially made pieces of single-stranded DNA that
are complementary to the ends of the DNA fragment);
_________________________________; and __________________________
o Primers will _________________________________________________; DNA polymerase will
_________________________________________ to complete the strands
o Repeat about _________________________ and generate millions of copies
Cutting DNA
• _______________________________________: bacterial enzymes that recognize specific short
DNA sequences and cut them.
• Cuts are usually ________________________________ and produce “__________________________”
so that other pieces of DNA with complementary sequences can bind to them.
Sorting DNA by Size
• _________________________________________ —technique that separates nucleic acids or
proteins according to their size and charge
• Steps:
o Cut DNA with ______________________________________
o Place DNA into wells in a _________________________
o _____________________________________ through the gel
o Negatively charged DNA _____________________________________________ end of the
current
o Smaller fragments move ___________________________________
o ________________________________ to a nylon membrane and add radioactive probes
o ________________________________________ to radiolabeled membrane to produce a
____________________________________
Comparing DNA
• At least _______________________________ comparisons are needed to make a positive DNA
identification.
• Thirteen identical loci make the odds that two people will share a DNA profile about
___________________________________________
Recombinant DNA
• ____________________________________________ —the process of altering the genetic material
of cells or organisms to allow them to make new substances. It often involves
recombinant DNA
• ________________________________________ —DNA from one organisms is added to another
Cloning Vectors
• ____________________ —an exact copy of a DNA segment, a whole cell, or a complete
organism: or to make a genetic duplicate
• ____________________ are used to clone DNA fragments
o They __________________________________ from one organism to another
o They include _______________________________________________
Plasmids
• _____________________ —small rings of DNA found naturally in bacterial cells. They
replicate separately from bacterial DNA
• Plasmids serve as excellent vectors for DNA
• Steps:
o ___________________________________ from a
bacteria cell _________________________ of
interest from a human cell (ex: gene
coding for insulin)
o Used ______________________________________
the DNA and the plasmid
o ____________________________________________
together; sticky ends will bond
o Use _______________________ to join them by
forming permanent covalent bonds
o ____________________________________________
back into bacterial cells
o Allow _____________________________________
(copying the plasmids to the new cells)
o ___________________________ to identify the
colonies that have the desired gene.
These bacterial cells will now be able to
produce human insulin
Probes
• A __________________ is a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that is
______________________________________________________________________and that can base-pair
to specific DNA, such as the donor gene in recombinant DNA.
• Probes will _______________________________, allowing scientists to identify which
recombinant colonies have the desired gene.
Medical Applications for DNA Technology
• Since 1982, more than ___________________________ made using DNA technology are now
on the market.
• Examples:
o ____________________________________
o ______________________ to treat immune system deficiencies and anemia
o _____________________________________ for people with hemophilia
o _____________________________________________
o __________________________________ for viral infections and cancer
o _______________________________________ for treating burns and ulcers
Section 2 Vocabulary Pretest
1. Human Genome Project
4. Bioinformatics
2. Proteome
5. Proteomics
3. Single nucleotide polymorphism
The Human Genome Project
• The ____________________________________________ began in __________________
• Its goal was to determine the sequence of all ___________________________________________
of the human genome and to map the location of every gene on each chromosome.
• More than ____________________________________________________ worked on the project
• It was ___________________________________________
• What Did We Learn?
o Only _____________________________________________________
o Chromosomes have __________________________________________ of nucleotide
sequences that are transcribe and translated
o Our genome is smaller than we thought; only _____________________________________
o The same gene can encode different versions of a protein. An organism’s
complete set of proteins is called its _____________________________.
o _______________________________, pieces of DNA that move from one chromosome
location to another make up half of our genome and play no role in
development
o The are 8 million ______________________________________________________________.
These are spots where individuals differ by just one nucleotide.
• Applications
o We have discovered the specific genes responsible for many diseases, which
can help us to develop treatments and possibly cures for the more than
___________________________________________________________
Section 3 Vocabulary Pretest
1. Gene therapy
4. DNA vaccine
2. Nuclear transfer cloning
5. Bioethics
3. Telomere
Genetic Engineering: Medical Applications
• _______________________________ —a technique used to treat a genetic disorder by
introducing a gene into a patient’s cells. It works best for disorders that result from
the loss of a single protein. Ex: Cystic Fibrosis
o Cystic Fibrosis patients lack the _______________________: Result—excess mucus in
lungs
o Steps of Gene Therapy:
1. ______________________________________________________ from a healthy person
2. ______________________________________ into a viral vector
3. _____________________________________ with the recombinant virus (carrying
the functional gene)
4. The functional gene _________________________________________________________,
improving the symptoms of the disease
o Obstacles:
1. Cells that express the highest levels of CFTR are ____________________________
_______________________________ and are not being reached by the virus
2. Surface cells die off regularly so the treatment must be
________________________________
3. ________________________________________ to the treatment may occur
• _________________________ —in 1996, the first clone of an adult mammal was developed.
It was a sheep named _______________________.
o Dolly was created by a process known as __________________________________________
o Steps:
1. __________________________________ with its nucleus was isolated from an
adult female sheep
2. _________________________ from another sheep was isolated and the nucleus
removed
3. The ___________________________________________ together and an embryo
developed
4. Embryo was ________________________________________________________ mother
5. Dolly was born with __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
o Why Clone Animals?
o Most animal cloning is done to _____________________________________________________.
o Examples:
1. Altered, cloned _________________ can secret human blood clotting factors
into their milk. This can then be extracted and used to treat
hemophiliacs.
2. Cloned ______________ are altered so that their organs can be used in
human transplants with a lessened risk of rejection.
3. Altered, cloned ________________ are used in the study of many human
diseases; like cystic fibrosis.
• _________________________ —DNA vaccines are now being researched. They are made
from the DNA of the pathogen, except the ________________________________________________.
o When injected into a patient, the patient will mount a defense and
_________________________________________________________
o If the real, disease-causing pathogen then enters the body; the antibodies will
attack— __________________________________________.
o DNA vaccines to prevent ___________________________________________________________
are currently being studied.
• Genetic Engineering: Agricultural Applications
o _______________________________________________________ are becoming very common.
Today, most crops can be genetically engineered to be:
1. More __________________________ to environmental conditions
2. Resistant to weed killing ____________________________
3. Resistant to ___________________________________________
4. Resistant to _________________________
5. _____________________________________________
• Ethical Issues
o __________________________ —the study of ethical issues related to DNA technology.
o Issues:
1. __________________________: are they healthy for us and are they safe for the
environment?
2. _____________________________: considered unethical if it involves
reproductive cells that would affect future generations
3. ________________________: considered unethical to clone human embryos for
reproduction
4. _____________________________ of individuals should remain confidential to
reduce the possibility of discrimination.