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Psychology I Psychological Disorders • 100 million Americans have a family member who suffers from a major mental illness • 1.5 billion people around the world suffer • By 2020, it is estimated that major depression will be the main cause of disability and the 2nd leading cause of death in the world What is a psychological disorder? • Harmful dysfunction Must be judged to be ….. • Atypical (so out of the ordinary that it violates a norm • Disturbing (feel uneasy if you witness it) • Unjustifiable (without rationale basis) • Maladaptive (destructive to oneself or others) • Must meet all four criteria What is a humane way to deal with people who suffer from a psychological disorder? Points to consider • Since treatment can be a lifelong ordeal, should a family be expected to pay for it? • Should a person suffering from a major psychological disorder be found guilty of a crime? • Should they face the same consequences as a non-sufferer? Points to consider • Should a mentally ill individual be forced to take medication? • Should that individual be forced into therapy? • Should that individual be forced into an institution? • Should there be consequences for refusal? Ancient Understanding of Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Understanding Psychological Disorders • Demonic possession – prayer & magic • Punishment for sin – religion • Demons – tortured/executed; paraded around like zoo animals • Medical model – sickness/mental disease • Bio-Psycho-Social Model - Conclusion is that all behavior arises from the interaction of nature/nurture Bio-Psycho-Social Model DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders • Psychology (science) classify according to symptoms • Why do they do it? (describe the disorder, predict the future course of the disorder, and treat it appropriately) • Use it for research into causes of disorder • 17 categories • Does not list causes The Pros and Cons of Labeling? • Clear bias against those that are labeled • Influences our perception • Helps psychologists understand and communicate so that we can have better outcomes in their treatment Anxiety Disorders • Characterized by nervousness, inability to relax, and concern about losing control • Most common of all psychological disorders in America • Phobias, generalized anxiety, obsessivecompulsive, posttraumatic disorder, and panic disorders Phobias • Most common of all anxiety disorders • Persistent excessive or irrational fear of a particular object or situation • Zoophobia – animals • Acrophobia – heights • Arachnophobia spiders Panic Attack/Agoraphobia • Short period of intense fear • Shortness of breath • Dizziness • Rapid heart beat Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances • Six months • Focus on finances, illness, work Post-traumatic Stress • Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety • Natural disasters, plane crashes, assault • Flashbacks • Nightmares • numbness Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessions – Unwanted thoughts, ideas, or mental images that occur over and over • Compulsions – repetitive ritual behaviors, involving checking or cleaning • Compulsions help relieve anxiety Explaining Anxiety Disorders Psychological View Biological View • Many are no longer accepted • Childhood urged that have been repressed • Argument is that if urges surface, they come in the form of obsessions • Learning theorists contend that we may have been conditioned in childhood (phobias) • Genes play a role • Some believe we are genetically inclined to fear things that were threats to our ancestors • One study revealed that if one pair of identical twins exhibited an anxiety disorder, there was a 45% chance that the other twin would also exhibit the disorder Mood Disorders (disturbance of emotions) Major Depression • 5 of 9 symptoms of depression are met and persist for two or more weeks • At least one of the individual’s five symptoms must be one of the first two symptoms in the list • • • • • • • • • Persistent depressed mood for most of the day Loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities Significant weight loss or gain due to changes in appetite Sleeping more or less than usual Speeding up or slowing down of physical and emotional reactions Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded guilt Reduced ability to concentrate Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Mood Disorders Bipolar • • • • Manic depression Highs and low Inflated self-esteem Going on wild spending sprees • Quitting jobs to pursue wild dreams Explaining Mood Disorders Psychological View Biological View • Prone to depression because they suffered a real or imagined loss of a loved object or person in childhood • The person internalizes their anger towards himself/herself which leads to feelings of guilt which in turn leads to depression • Learned helplessness – people prone to depression develop the attitude that bad things will always haunt them • There’s a connection between genes and mood • A lack of serotonin and noradrenaline may be linked to depression • Such finding are important in drug therapy for mood disorders Somatization • Expressing psychological distress (anxiety/depression) through physical symptoms • Not faking • Symptoms include: Sexual problems for men, menstrual problems, vision, and paralysis • Last for several years Somatoform Disorders (Types of Somatoform Disorders) • Conversion Disorder – Sudden/Severe loss of physical functioning (vision/paralysis) without a medical explanation • Hypochondria – preoccupation with the fear that he or she has a severe disease; minor issues mean bigger issues • Body Dysmorphic Disorder – The preoccupation with defects of their bodies Explaining Somatoform Disorders • Some psychologists suggest people convert psychological stress into actual medical problems • For example, an individual potentially could suffer paralysis of the legs after nearly been run over by a car Schizophrenia vs. Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personalities) • • • • • • • Mental illness Excessive dopamine Biological factors Larger fluid-filled space One personality Hallucinations Diagnosed cases of 12 year olds with schizophrenia • (son of Sam, John Hinkley, Jr., and John David Chapman) • Controversial • Hard to confirm; some argue that a psychologist could plant the seed in the patient that they have other personalities • Means of coping • Linked to stress and/or trauma in childhood • More than one personality Dissociative Disorders (Separation of certain personality components from conscious thought in an attempt to avoid stressful events or feelings) • Dissociative Amnesia – Sudden loss of memory following a particularly stressful event or traumatic event • Dissociative Fugue – Characterized by not only forgetting personal information and past events but by suddenly relocating from home or work and taking on a new identity