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Organization of Matter 7 . P . 2 : TH E S TU D ENT WI LL D E MONSTRAT E A N U N D ERS TAND ING OF TH E S TR U CTURE A N D P R OP E RTIES OF MA TTER A N D TH A T MA T T ER I S CON S ER VED A S I T U N D ERGOES CH A NGES . Section 1 7 . P . 2 A . 1: DE VE L O P AN D US E S I MP L E AT O MI C MO DE L S T O I L L USTRATE THE C O MP O NENT S O F E L E ME NTS (I N C L UDI NG T H E RE LATI VE P O S I TION AN D C H ARG E O F P RO T O NS , N E UTRONS, AN D E L E C T RONS ). The Atom • ATOM- THE SMALLEST PART OF ANY ELEMENT THAT HAS THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT SKETCH TO LEARN: USE A DESCRIPTION WHEEL TO DESCRIBE ATOMS • ATOMS ARE PARTICLES MUCH TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN WITH A CLASSROOM MICROSCOPE • EVEN THOUGH ATOMS ARE SMALL, THEY HAVE MASS AND TAKE UP SPACE Atom The Atom • Atom – composed of subatomic particles • Protons (+) • Neutrons • Electrons (-) • These particles affect the properties of an atom • Once you understand these particles and their importance in atoms, you will be able to describe and explain all types of atoms Protons(+) and Neutrons • Protons have a positive charge • (+) and blue in the picture • Neutrons have NO charge • Red in the picture • They are tightly bound in a tiny nucleus • The nucleus is the tiny cluster in the center of an atom • About the same mass AN E X AMP LE O F AN AT O MI C MO DE L O F C ARB O N Electrons (-) • Electrons have a negative charge • (-) • Electrons move in random patterns in an orbital around the nucleus (in the center) • 1st orbit can hold up to 2 electrons • 2nd orbit can hold up to 8 electrons What atom is it? • This depends on the number of protons (+) in the nucleus • Usually, the same number of electrons (-) exist floating around the nucleus as protons exist in the nucleus (Usually, but not always) Element Symbol Element Symbol Hydrogen H Silicon Si Carbon C Copper Cu Nitrogen N Aluminum Al Oxygen O Silver Ag Chlorine Cl Gold Au Magnesium Mg Iron Fe Zinc Zn Helium He Calcium Ca Potassium K Phosphorus P Sodium Na Section 2 7. P.2A.2: OBTAIN AND USE INFORMATION ABOUT ELEMENTS (INCLUDING CHEMICAL SYMBOL, ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC MASS, AND GROUP/FAMILY) TO DESCRIBE THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE. Periodic Table of Elements (PTE) Periodic Table of Elements (PTE) • Used to organize all of the elements in a visual way • Every periodic table will have a square for each element with the: • element name • chemical/element symbol • atomic number • atomic mass • You should be able to and will be expected to locate each element on the PTE • Once you understand the above vocab Element Name and Chemical Symbol • Each element has a different symbol Element • Symbols are written with one, two, or three letters Hydrogen Symbo Element Symbol l H Silicon Si Carbon C Copper Cu Nitrogen N Aluminum Al • The first letter is always capitalized Oxygen O Silver Ag Chlorine Cl Gold Au ***Be familiar with the element names and symbols in the chart!!! Magnesium Mg Iron Fe Zinc Zn Helium He Calcium Ca Potassium K Quiz Tuesday, September 8 Phosphorus P Sodium Na Atomic Number • The atomic number of an element = the number of protons • The atomic number is a whole number • The atomic number is always the same for a given element • The elements on the periodic table are arranged numerically by increasing atomic number Atomic Mass • The atomic mass is an average sum of the number of the protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom • Since the atomic mass of an element is an average, it is usually not a whole number Periodic Table Organization PERIOD • A horizontal row on the periodic table is called a period • There are 7 periods (rows) • Left to Right FAMILIES/GROUPS • Families, also called groups, are vertical columns of elements on the periodic table • There are numbered 1-18 • Top to Bottom • Elements in the same family have similar properties Periods Families/Groups Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Where are the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? Metalloids • There is a zigzag line on the right side of the periodic table that separates the metals from the nonmetals. Metalloids are found on the zigzag line. • Yellow in the picture • Elements identified as metalloids have properties (characteristics) of both metals and nonmetals. Metals • Metals are generally located on the left side of the zigzag line • Gray in the picture • Examples of metals are: Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), and Aluminum (Al) • The majority of elements are metals Nonmetals • Nonmetals, with the exception of Hydrogen (H), are located on the right side of the zigzag line • Red in the picture • Examples of nonmetals are: Chlorine (Cl), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), and Iodine (I) Section 3 and 4 7 . P . 2 A . 3: AN AL Y Z E AN D I NT ERPRET DAT A T O DE S C RI B E AN D C LASSI FY MAT T E R AS P URE S UB S TAN C E S (E L E ME N T S O R C OMP OUN DS) O R MI X TURE S (H E T E RO G E NE OUS O R H O MOG ENE OUS ) B AS E D O N C O MP O SI TI ON. 7 . P . 2 A . 4: C ON S T RUC T E X P L ANATI ONS F O R H O W C OMP OUN DS ARE C LASSI FI ED AS I ONI C (ME TAL B ON DED T O N ON METAL) O R C O VAL E N T (N O N ME T AL S B O N DE D T O G E THE R) USI N G C H E MI CAL F O RMUL AS What is matter made of? • Matter can be classified on the basis of its composition (what it is made of) Elements • Elements are pure substances that cannot be changed into simpler substances • Elements are composed of one kind of atom • Examples: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Compounds • Compounds are pure substances that are composed of two or more atoms that are chemically combined • Compounds can only be changed into simpler substances called elements by chemical changes You should know this chart!!! • If you don’t, then you need to put some time in learning it!!! Bonds • Elements are made up of one kind of atom and the symbol for each element is unique. • Compounds are composed of more than one atom chemically bonded, and their formulas show the different atoms that compose the compound. Ionic Bonds • An ionic bond is formed when metals react with nonmetals • Electrons are transferred from the metals to the nonmetals. • React means combine or bond) Covalent Bonds • Covalent bonds are formed when two or more nonmetals react (combine or bond) with each other • Covalent bonds SHARE electrons and are called covalent compounds Chemical Formulas • Chemical formulas use element symbols from the periodic table and numerical subscripts to depict the name and number of atoms of each element in the compound; • Examples include: Water (H2O), Glucose or sugar (C6H12O6), and Table Salt (NaCl). Subscripts in Chemical Formulas • In a chemical formula, the subscripts (numbers) = number of each kind of atom that appears in the compound. The subscript is written to the lower right of the element symbol. • If no subscript is written, only one atom of that element is part of the compound. • For example, in H2O, the number 2 is the subscript for hydrogen and means that there are 2 atoms of hydrogen in the compound of water; since there is no subscript for oxygen it is assumed to be one atom of oxygen. • N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, and H2 are diatomic molecules where all of the atoms of the molecule are the same element. STOP!!! TIME FOR AN ACTIVITY Mixtures • Mixtures are composed of two or more different substances that retain their own individual properties and are combined physically (mixed together). • Mixtures can be separated by physical means (filtration, sifting, or evaporation). Mixtures can be… HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES Explain in you notes what differences you see between the left side and right side Heterogeneous Mixtures • In a heterogeneous mixture, which is not uniform throughout (doesn’t look the same), the component substances can be visibly distinguished (you can see each different item). • Examples: Salt and pepper mix, cereal and milk, rice and beans Homogeneous Mixture • In a homogeneous mixture, which is uniform throughout, the substances are evenly mixed and cannot be visibly distinguished. The particles of the substances are so small that they cannot be easily seen. Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a solution. • Examples: rock, air, blood, Italian salad dressing, ocean water, Kool-Aid Create a Venn diagram – comparing and contrasting pure substances and mixtures This is for a grade, so raise your hand when this is completed to be signed off. Pure substances Mixtures