Download Notes - Organization of Matter

Organization of
Matter
7 . P . 2 : TH E S TU D ENT WI LL D E MONSTRAT E A N
U N D ERS TAND ING OF TH E S TR U CTURE A N D P R OP E RTIES OF
MA TTER A N D TH A T MA T T ER I S CON S ER VED A S I T
U N D ERGOES CH A NGES .
Section 1
7 . P . 2 A . 1: DE VE L O P AN D US E S I MP L E AT O MI C MO DE L S T O
I L L USTRATE THE C O MP O NENT S O F E L E ME NTS (I N C L UDI NG
T H E RE LATI VE P O S I TION AN D C H ARG E O F P RO T O NS ,
N E UTRONS, AN D E L E C T RONS ).
The Atom
• ATOM- THE SMALLEST PART
OF ANY ELEMENT THAT HAS
THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF THAT ELEMENT
SKETCH TO LEARN: USE A
DESCRIPTION WHEEL TO
DESCRIBE ATOMS
• ATOMS ARE PARTICLES
MUCH TOO SMALL TO BE
SEEN WITH A CLASSROOM
MICROSCOPE
• EVEN THOUGH ATOMS ARE
SMALL, THEY HAVE MASS
AND TAKE UP SPACE
Atom
The Atom
• Atom – composed of subatomic particles
• Protons (+)
• Neutrons
• Electrons (-)
• These particles affect the properties of an
atom
• Once you understand these particles and their
importance in atoms, you will be able to
describe and explain all types of atoms
Protons(+) and Neutrons
• Protons have a positive
charge
• (+) and blue in the picture
• Neutrons have NO charge
• Red in the picture
• They are tightly bound in a
tiny nucleus
• The nucleus is the tiny cluster in
the center of an atom
• About the same mass
AN E X AMP LE O F AN AT O MI C
MO DE L O F C ARB O N
Electrons (-)
• Electrons have a negative
charge
• (-)
• Electrons move in random
patterns in an orbital around
the nucleus (in the center)
• 1st orbit can hold up to 2
electrons
• 2nd orbit can hold up to 8
electrons
What atom is it?
• This depends on the number of protons (+)
in the nucleus
• Usually, the same number of electrons (-)
exist floating around the nucleus as protons
exist in the nucleus (Usually, but not always)
Element
Symbol
Element
Symbol
Hydrogen
H
Silicon
Si
Carbon
C
Copper
Cu
Nitrogen
N
Aluminum
Al
Oxygen
O
Silver
Ag
Chlorine
Cl
Gold
Au
Magnesium
Mg
Iron
Fe
Zinc
Zn
Helium
He
Calcium
Ca
Potassium
K
Phosphorus
P
Sodium
Na
Section 2
7. P.2A.2: OBTAIN AND USE INFORMATION
ABOUT ELEMENTS (INCLUDING CHEMICAL
SYMBOL, ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC MASS,
AND GROUP/FAMILY) TO DESCRIBE THE
ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE.
Periodic Table of Elements (PTE)
Periodic Table of Elements (PTE)
• Used to organize all of the elements in a visual way
• Every periodic table will have a square for each element
with the:
• element name
• chemical/element symbol
• atomic number
• atomic mass
• You should be able to and will be
expected to locate each element on the PTE
• Once you understand the above vocab
Element Name and Chemical
Symbol
• Each element has a different
symbol
Element
• Symbols are written with one,
two, or three letters
Hydrogen
Symbo Element Symbol
l
H
Silicon
Si
Carbon
C
Copper
Cu
Nitrogen
N
Aluminum Al
• The first letter is always
capitalized
Oxygen
O
Silver
Ag
Chlorine
Cl
Gold
Au
***Be familiar with the element
names and symbols in the
chart!!!
Magnesium
Mg
Iron
Fe
Zinc
Zn
Helium
He
Calcium
Ca
Potassium K
Quiz Tuesday, September 8
Phosphorus
P
Sodium
Na
Atomic Number
• The atomic number of an
element = the number of
protons
• The atomic number is a whole
number
• The atomic number is always
the same for a given element
• The elements on the periodic
table are arranged
numerically by increasing
atomic number
Atomic Mass
• The atomic mass is an
average sum of the
number of the protons
and the number of
neutrons in the nucleus of
the atom
• Since the atomic mass of
an element is an average,
it is usually not a whole
number
Periodic Table Organization
PERIOD
• A horizontal row on the
periodic table is called
a period
• There are 7 periods
(rows)
• Left to Right
FAMILIES/GROUPS
• Families, also called groups,
are vertical columns of
elements on the periodic
table
• There are numbered 1-18
• Top to Bottom
• Elements in the same family
have similar properties
Periods
Families/Groups
Metals, Nonmetals, and
Metalloids
Where are the
metals,
nonmetals,
and
metalloids?
Metalloids
• There is a zigzag line on
the right side of the
periodic table that
separates the metals from
the nonmetals. Metalloids
are found on the zigzag
line.
• Yellow in the picture
• Elements identified as
metalloids have properties
(characteristics) of both
metals and nonmetals.
Metals
• Metals are generally
located on the left side of
the zigzag line
• Gray in the picture
• Examples of metals are:
Sodium (Na), Calcium
(Ca), Iron (Fe), and
Aluminum (Al)
• The majority of elements
are metals
Nonmetals
• Nonmetals, with the
exception of Hydrogen
(H), are located on the
right side of the zigzag line
• Red in the picture
• Examples of nonmetals
are: Chlorine (Cl), Oxygen
(O), Sulfur (S), and Iodine
(I)
Section 3 and 4
7 . P . 2 A . 3: AN AL Y Z E AN D I NT ERPRET DAT A T O DE S C RI B E
AN D C LASSI FY MAT T E R AS P URE S UB S TAN C E S (E L E ME N T S O R
C OMP OUN DS) O R MI X TURE S (H E T E RO G E NE OUS O R
H O MOG ENE OUS ) B AS E D O N C O MP O SI TI ON.
7 . P . 2 A . 4: C ON S T RUC T E X P L ANATI ONS F O R H O W
C OMP OUN DS ARE C LASSI FI ED AS I ONI C (ME TAL B ON DED
T O N ON METAL) O R C O VAL E N T (N O N ME T AL S B O N DE D
T O G E THE R) USI N G C H E MI CAL F O RMUL AS
What is matter made of?
• Matter can be classified on the basis of its composition
(what it is made of)
Elements
• Elements are pure substances that cannot be changed
into simpler substances
• Elements are composed of one kind of atom
• Examples: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon
Compounds
• Compounds are pure substances that are composed of
two or more atoms that are chemically combined
• Compounds can only be changed into simpler substances
called elements by chemical changes
You should know this chart!!!
• If you don’t, then
you need to put
some time in
learning it!!!
Bonds
• Elements are made up of
one kind of atom and the
symbol for each element is
unique.
• Compounds are
composed of more than
one atom chemically
bonded, and their
formulas show the different
atoms that compose the
compound.
Ionic Bonds
• An ionic bond is formed
when metals react with
nonmetals
• Electrons are transferred
from the metals to the
nonmetals.
• React means combine or
bond)
Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds are
formed when two or more
nonmetals react (combine
or bond) with each other
• Covalent bonds SHARE
electrons and are called
covalent compounds
Chemical Formulas
• Chemical formulas use element symbols from the
periodic table and numerical subscripts to depict
the name and number of atoms of each element
in the compound;
• Examples include: Water (H2O), Glucose or sugar
(C6H12O6), and Table Salt (NaCl).
Subscripts in Chemical Formulas
• In a chemical formula, the
subscripts (numbers) =
number of each kind of
atom that appears in the
compound. The subscript is
written to the lower right of
the element symbol.
• If no subscript is written,
only one atom of that
element is part of the
compound.
• For example, in H2O, the
number 2 is the subscript for
hydrogen and means that
there are 2 atoms of
hydrogen in the compound
of water; since there is no
subscript for oxygen it is
assumed to be one atom of
oxygen.
• N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, and H2
are diatomic molecules
where all of the atoms of the
molecule are the same
element.
STOP!!!
TIME FOR AN ACTIVITY
Mixtures
• Mixtures are
composed of two or
more different
substances that retain
their own individual
properties and are
combined physically
(mixed together).
• Mixtures can be
separated by physical
means (filtration,
sifting, or evaporation).
Mixtures can be…
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
Explain in
you notes
what
differences
you see
between
the left
side and
right side
Heterogeneous Mixtures
• In a heterogeneous
mixture, which is not
uniform throughout
(doesn’t look the same),
the component
substances can be
visibly distinguished (you
can see each different
item).
• Examples: Salt and
pepper mix, cereal and
milk, rice and beans
Homogeneous Mixture
• In a homogeneous mixture,
which is uniform throughout,
the substances are evenly
mixed and cannot be visibly
distinguished. The particles of
the substances are so small
that they cannot be easily
seen. Another name for a
homogeneous mixture is a
solution.
• Examples: rock, air, blood,
Italian salad dressing, ocean
water, Kool-Aid
Create a Venn diagram – comparing and
contrasting pure substances and mixtures
This is for a
grade, so
raise your
hand when
this is
completed
to be
signed off.
Pure
substances
Mixtures