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Transcript
Immune System Madeleine Myers RN, MS, FNP Objectives • List three functions of the lymphatic system. • Describe the composition and flow of lymph. • State the location of the following lymph nodes: cervical nodes, axillary nodes, and inguinal nodes. • Describe the four lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus gland, and spleen The Lymphatic System • Main functions: – Return tissue fluid to the blood – Intestinal absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins – Helps the body defend itself against disease Functions of the Immune System • To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances – – – – pathogenic microorganisms allergens toxins malignant cells The Lymphatic System Elephantiasis Plasma • plasma – 92% water – 8% plasma proteins • albumin • globulin • fibrinogen • serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen The Lymphatic System (cont’d.) • Lymph: clear fluid that resembles plasma and is formed from plasma during capillary exchange • Composition of lymph: water, electrolytes, waste from metabolizing cells, and some protein that leaks out of the capillaries of the systemic circulation Structures of the Immune System • Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels • Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems • Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction Lymphatic System • Major structures – – – – lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph fluid tonsils • Also – spleen – thymus The Lymphatic System Lymph System • Lymph originates in blood plasma • Interstitial fluid • cleans and nourishes body tissues • collects cellular debris, bacteria • return to blood or lymph capillaries Lymph Nodes • located in lymph vessels • small round or oval structures (filters) • depositories for cellular debris • bacteria and debris phagocytized Lymph Nodes • inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes) • almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 • invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process Spleen • sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue • filter for lymph • phagocytic cells • hemolytic Thymus • lymphatic tissue • mediastinum • primary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity Tonsils • masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph • located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination • any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance • should not be removed unless absolutely necessary. Antigen-Antibody Reactions • Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin) • Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen • Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction Web pages • Inflamatory response • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/c ontent/inflammatory.html • HIV • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lif ecyclehiv.html • • • • aninmations http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations_S04.htm Movie http://www.rockefeller.edu/interactive/movies/dcell.ht ml Rewiew Functions of the Lymph System • lymph/o • drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the blood • transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cells • carry away waste products to the blood • transport lipids away from digestive system • control of infection Lymphoid Organs The Lymphatic System Lymph capillaries and blood capillaries. The Lymphatic System (cont’d.) • Lymphatic vessels: includes lymphatic capillaries and several larger lymphatic vessels; “run with” the veins Lymphoid Organs • Organs: – – – – Lymph nodes Tonsils Thymus gland Spleen • Functions: – Filter particles from lymph, tissue fluid, and blood – Support activities of lymphocytes Immune System Lesson 21.1 Objectives • Differentiate between specific and nonspecific immunity. • Describe the process of phagocytosis. • Explain the causes of the signs of inflammation. • Explain the role of fever in fighting infection. • Explain the role of T cells in cell-mediated immunity. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Lesson 21.1 Objectives (cont’d.) • Explain the role of B cells in antibodymediated immunity. • Differentiate between genetic immunity and acquired immunity. • Describe naturally and artificially acquired active and passive immunity. • Identify the steps in the development of anaphylaxis. Classification of the Immune System • Immunology: study of the immune system • Immunity: elaborate defense system of the human body – Nonspecific immunity: protects the body against many different types of foreign agents – Specific immunity: hones in on a foreign substance and provides protection against one specific substance but no others Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Classification of the Immune System (cont’d.) Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Classification of the Immune System (cont’d.) • Nonspecific immunity: – First line of defense – Second line of defense • Specific immunity: – Third line of defense Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Nonspecific Immunity • First line of defense: – Mechanical barriers – Chemical barriers – Certain reflexes Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Nonspecific Immunity (cont’d.) Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Nonspecific Immunity (cont’d.) • Second line of defense – – – – – Phagocytosis Inflammation Fever Protective proteins Natural killer cells Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Nonspecific Immunity (cont’d.) • Phagocytosis: – Phagocyte’s plasma membrane sends out pseudopods to surround pathogen – Pathogen is captured when pseudopods fuse – Lysosomal membrane fuses with pathogen – Potent enzymes are released to destroy pathogen Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Nonspecific Immunity (cont’d.) • Inflammation: responses the body makes when confronted by an irritant – Signs of inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain – Infection: inflammation caused by pathogenic irritant – Histamine: released by cells when tissues are injured or irritated – Pus: thick,Copyright yellowish accumulation of dead © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. leukocytes, pathogens, injured cells, and tissue All rights reserved. 35 Nonspecific Immunity (cont’d.) • Fever: abnormal elevation in body temperature – Pyrogens: fever-producing substances released by phagocytes; stimulate the hypothalamus to reset the body’s temperature and produce a fever Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Nonspecific Immunity (cont’d.) • Protective proteins: – Interferons: group of proteins secreted by cells infected by a virus – Complement proteins: attach to outer membrane of bacterium to fill it with fluid and electrolytes, causing lysis; enhance phagocytosis and inflammatory response • Natural killer (NK) cells: special types of lymphocytes that act nonspecifically to kill various cells Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Specific Immunity • Third line of defense: – Lymphocytes • T lymphocytes • B lymphocytes – Macrophages • Antigen: substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) • Lymphocytes: – T lymphocytes (T cells): • Thymus-derived lymphocytes • Live and work in lymphoid tissue and circulate in blood • Comprise 70% to 80% of the blood’s lymphocytes • Attack antigens directly through cell-to-cell contact, or cell-mediated immunity Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) Cellmediated immunity. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) • T cells: cell-mediated immunity – Killer T cells: punch holes in pathogen’s cell membrane and secrete lymphokines that enhance phagocytic activity – Helper T cells: secrete a lymphokine that stimulates T cells and B cells and enhances immune response – Suppressor T cells: inhibit immune response when the antigen has been destroyed – Memory T cells: remember the initial encounter with an antigen and quickly reproduce and allow a faster immune response in subsequent encounters Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) • Lymphocytes: – B lymphocytes (B cells): • • • • Liver and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes Live and work in lymphoid tissue and circulate in blood Comprise 20% to 30% of the blood’s lymphocytes Interact with antigens indirectly through the secretion of antibodies, or antibody-mediated immunity Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) Antibodymediated immunity. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) • B cells: antibody-mediated immunity – Immunoglobulins: antibodies secreted by B cells found in the gamma globulin part of plasma proteins – Three most abundant types of immunoglobulin: • Immunoglobulin G (IgG) • Immunoglobulin A (IgA) • Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) • Antigen-antibody reaction: antibodies bind to antigens and react with antigens directly • Agglutination: the clumping together of the antigen-antibody components • Activated complement proteins: stimulate chemotaxis, promote agglutination, make pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis, and encourage lysis Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Specific Immunity (cont’d.) Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Types of Immunity • Two main categories of immunity: – Genetic immunity: genetic information conveys immunity to certain diseases – Acquired immunity: received during person’s lifetime, either naturally or artificially Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 47 Types of Immunity (cont’d.) Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Acquired Immunity • Naturally acquired immunity – Active immunity: antibodies and memory cells are produced in the body after first exposure to a specific pathogen – Passive immunity: antibodies that were developed in response to the pathogens the mother encountered in her life are passed to a fetus by the mother Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Acquired Immunity (cont’d.) • Artificially acquired immunity – Active immunity: • Vaccine: antigen-bearing substance injected into a person to stimulate antibody production – Passive immunity: • Immune globulin: obtained from a donor that has developed the antibodies in response to a specific antigen Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Other Immunologic Responses • Allergic reactions: immune system forms antibodies to substances not usually recognized as foreign – Delayed-reaction allergy – Immediate hypersensitivity reaction Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Other Immunologic Responses (cont’d.) Immediate reaction allergy. Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 52 Other Immunologic Responses (cont’d.) • Autoimmune diseases: develop in response to self attack, or autoimmunity • Organ rejection: recipient’s immune system recognizes donated organ as foreign and mounts an immune attack against it Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Review WBCs for Immune Reactions • monocytes - type of lymphocytes – formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body – become macrophages • macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cells • lymphocytes - major class of WBCs – formed in lymphatic tissue Lymphocytes • T cells or T Lymphocytes – mature in thymus gland – Cell mediated immunity • B cells or B Lymphocytes – mature in bone marrow – antibody-mediated immunity T Cell or T Lymphocyte (Cell Mediated Immunity) • T Cell (cell mediated immunity) – – – – – circulating lymphocytes produced in bone marrow matures in thymus live for years primary function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms Lymphocyte: T Cells • helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune system • Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time Immunity • Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease • Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life Factors That Influence Immune System • Health • Age • Heredity Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years • AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease • After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur. Autoimmune Disorders Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells. Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues. Multisystemic involvement. Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis Infectious Mononucleosis • Acute infection caused by virus. • Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising. • transmitted by droplet infection • Infection confers permanent immunity • Treatment symptomatic Web sites • Specific immunity • http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/inflam.html