Download Ch 40 and 43 Reading Guide

CHAPTER 40
Name______________________________
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION
40.1 Animal Form and Function
1. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
2. Explain how physical laws constrain animal form.
3. Use examples to illustrate how the size and shape of an animal’s body affect its
interactions with the environment.
4. Describe the challenges and benefits that come with complex animal form.
5. Distinguish among collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
6. Describe the functions of macrophages and fibroblasts within connective tissue.
40.2 Regulating the Internal Environment
7. Distinguish between regulators and conformers for a particular environmental
variable. Explain how an animal may be both a regulator and a conformer.
8. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Which type of
mechanism contributes to homeostasis?
40.3 Homeostatic Processes
9. Define thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how endotherms and ectotherms
manage their heat budgets.
10. Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in insulation.
11. Explain the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in modifying the transfer of
body heat with the environment.
12. Explain the mechanisms by which endotherms may increase their metabolic heat
production.
40.4 The Bioenergetics of Animals
13. Describe the basic sources of chemical energy and their fate in animal cells.
14. State the equation that describes the relationship between metabolic rate and body
size. Describe a hypothesis to explain this relationship.
15. Describe, in broad terms, how the energy budgets of small and large endotherms
differ.
16. Describe, in broad terms, how the energy budgets of ectotherms and endotherms of
similar size differ.
Learning Objectives for Campbell/Reece Biology, 8th Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc.
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CHAPTER 43 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
43.1 Innate Immune Defenses Against Infection
1. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
2. Define phagocytosis. Name four types of phagocytic leukocytes.
3. Describe the roles of antimicrobial proteins in innate immunity.
4. Explain how interferons limit cell-to-cell spread of viruses.
5. Describe the factors that influence phagocytosis during the inflammation response.
6. Explain how the action of natural killer cells differs from the action of phagocytes.
43.2 How Acquired Immunity Arises
7. Briefly summarize the basic facts of acquired immunity.
8. Explain how B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens.
9. Compare the production and functions of class I MHC and class II MHC molecules.
10. Distinguish between the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of an antigen receptor.
11. Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory.
43.3 Acquired Immune System Defenses
12. Describe the roles of helper T lymphocytes in both humoral and cell-mediated
immunity.
13. Describe the functions of the proteins CD4 and CD8.
14. Explain how a single antigen can provoke a robust humoral response.
15. Describe the variation found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and
their role in the rejection of tissue transplants.
43.4 Immunity in Health and Disease
16. Describe an allergic reaction, including the roles of IgE, mast cells, and histamine.
17. List three autoimmune disorders and describe possible mechanisms of
autoimmunity.
18. Explain how general health and stress levels may affect the immune system.
19. Describe some of the mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to thwart the
immune response of their hosts.
20. Describe the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it enters a
susceptible cell.
Learning Objectives for Campbell/Reece Biology, 8th Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc.
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