Download Theory of Evolution Chapter 15

History of Life
Ch 14
1. In the past, the ideas that decaying meat produced _____________, mud produced fishes, and grain
produced mice were reasonable explanations for what people observed occurring in their environment.
2. Such observations led people to believe in _____________ _____________—the idea that nonliving
material can produce life.
3. In 1668, an Italian physician, Francesco __________, disproved a commonly held belief at the time—the
idea that decaying meat produced maggots, which are immature flies.
4. Redi’s well-designed, controlled experiment successfully convinced many scientists that maggots, and
probably most large organisms, _______ ________ arise by spontaneous generation.
5. However, during Redi’s time, scientists began to use the latest tool in biology—the ________________.
6. Although Redi had disproved the spontaneous generation of large organisms, many scientists like
_______________ thought that microorganisms were so numerous and widespread that they must arise
spontaneously-probably from a vital force in the air.
7. In the mid-1800s, ____________ ____________ designed an experiment that disproved the spontaneous
generation of microorganisms.
8. Pasteur set up an experiment in which __________, but no microorganisms, was allowed to contact a
broth that contained nutrients.
9. Pasteur’s experiment:
a. Each of Pasteur’s broth-filled flasks was boiled to ____________ all microorganisms.
b. The flask’s S-shaped neck allowed air to enter, but prevented ___________________ from entering the
flask.
c. Pasteur ___________ a flask, allowing the microorganisms to enter the broth.
d. Microorganisms soon __________ in the broth, showing that they come from other microorganisms.
10. Pasteur’s experiment showed that microorganisms do not simply _________ in broth, even in the
presence of air.
11. From that time on, _______________, the idea that living organisms come only from other living
organisms, became a cornerstone of biology.
Theory of Evolution Chapter 15
1. Lamarck believed that an individual could _____________ traits during their lifetime due to experiences
or behavior and passes these traits on to their offspring
2. All living things are __________. Some relationships are easy to see your pet cat may not roar like a
lion, but it clearly resembles one. Other relationships are less obvious.
Concept Map
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The modern theory of evolution is the fundamental concept in ____________.
Recall that evolution is the ___________ in populations over time.
When geologists provided evidence indicating that Earth was much older than many people had
originally thought, biologists began to suspect that species change over time, or __________.
Many explanations about how species evolve have been proposed, but the ideas first published by
Charles __________ are the basis of modern evolutionary theory.
It took Darwin years to develop his theory of _____________
He began in 1831 from England, at age 22 when he took a job as a naturalist on the English ship
HMS Beagle, which sailed around the world on a ________-year scientific journey.
As the ship’s naturalist, Darwin studied and collected biological and ________ specimens at every
port along the route.
10. His studies provided the foundation for his theory of evolution by __________ selection.
11. On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin studied many ____________ of animals and plants that are
unique to the islands but similar to species elsewhere.
12. These observations led Darwin to consider the possibility that species can change over
_________.
13. For the next ______ decades, Darwin worked to refine his explanation for how species change
over time.
14. English economist Thomas Malthus had proposed an idea that Darwin modified and _________in
his explanation.
15. Malthus’s idea was that the human population grows ________ than Earth’s food supply.
16. How did this help Darwin?
17. He knew that many species produce large numbers of ____________.
18. He also knew that such species had not ___________ Earth.
19. He realized that individuals ________ to compete in changing environmental conditions.
20. Only some individuals ___________ the competition and produce offspring.
21. Darwin observed that the traits of individuals vary in populations. Variations are then
______________.
22. Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits is called
________________ selection.
23. Darwin hypothesized that there was a _____ in nature that worked like artificial selection.
24. Natural selection is a mechanism for change in ______________.
25. It occurs when organisms with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to
the next ______________.
26. Organisms without these variations are less likely to ___________and reproduce.
27. As a result, each generation consists largely of offspring from parents with these variations that
_______ survival.
28. Darwin proposed the _____ of natural selection to explain how species change over time.
29. _________ main parts of Darwin’s reasoning for natural selection.
30. 1. Overproduction - In nature, organisms produce more offspring than can ___________.
31. 2. Genetic Variation - In any population, individuals have _____________. Fishes, for example,
may differ in color, size, and speed.
32. 3. Struggle to Survive - Individuals with certain ________ variations, such as speed, survive in
their environment, passing those variations to the next generation.
33. Adaptation improves an individual’s chances of surviving and _______________.
34. 4. Differential Reproduction - Over time, offspring with certain variations make up most of the
population and may look entirely different from their _______________.
35. Survival of the ____________
36. Fitness is the _________ of an individual’s hereditary contribution to the next generation.
37. Volumes of scientific data have been gathered as evidence for evolution since ______________
time.
38. Much of this evidence is subject to interpretation by different ______________.
39. One of the issues is that evolutionary processes are difficult for humans to ___________ directly.
40. The short _________ of human life spans makes it difficult to comprehend evolutionary processes
that occur over millions of years.
41. __________ all of today’s biologists accept the theory of evolution by natural selection.
42. Recall that an adaptation is any variation that aids an organism’s chances of _____________ in its
environment.
43. Darwin’s theory of evolution explains how adaptations may develop in __________.
44. According to Darwin’s theory, adaptations in species develop over ________generations.
45. _________ are an important source of evolutionary evidence because they provide a record of
early life and evolutionary history.
46. Although the fossil record provides evidence that evolution occurred, the record is ___________.
47. Although paleontologists do not have fossils for all the changes that have occurred, they can still
understand the overall ___________ of how most groups evolved.
48. Fossils are found throughout the _______________.
Comparing Relative and Absolute Dating of Fossils
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Can determine
Age of fossil with respect to another
rock or fossil (that is, older or
younger)
Age of a fossil in years
Is performed by
Comparing depth of a fossil’s
source stratum to the position of a
reference fossil or rock
Determining the relative amounts of
a radioactive isotope and
nonradioactive isotope in a
specimen
Drawbacks
Imprecision and limitations of age
data
Difficulty in laboratory methods
51. Formation of a _____________
52. Water carries small rock particles to lakes and ___________.
53. Dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new _________.
54. The preserved remains may later be discovered and ___________.
55. Superposition – the lowest __________ (layer of earth’s crust) is older than the strata above it, if it has
not been disturbed.
56. Structural features with a ___________ evolutionary origin are called homologous structures.
57. Homologous structures can be similar in arrangement, in function, or in _________.
58. The body parts of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in
______________ are called analogous structures.
59.Although analogous structures don’t shed _________ on evolutionary relationships, they do provide
evidence of evolution.
60.For example, insect and bird __________ probably evolved separately when their different ancestors
adapted independently to similar ways of life.
61. Another type of body feature that suggests an evolutionary relationship is a vestigial structure—a body
structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an
___________.
62. A structure becomes vestigial when the species no longer ________ the feature for its original
function, yet it is still inherited as part of the body plan for the species.
63. ___________ organisms have vestigial structures.
64. Vestigial structures, such as _________ bones in the baleen whale, are evidence of evolution because
they show structural change over time.
65. An _________ is the earliest stage of growth and development of both plants and animals.
66. The embryos of a fish, a reptile, a bird, and a mammal have a _____ and pharyngeal pouches.
67. Convergent Evolution – process by which many different species evolve similar ______.
68. Divergent Evolution – a process in which the descendents of a single ancestor diversify into
species that each fit different parts of the environment. (___________)
69. Adaptive Radiation – pattern of divergent evolution where many species evolve from a
___________ ancestral species
70. Artificial Selection – process occurs when a human breeder chooses individuals with certain traits
and breeds them (all dogs are traced back to the East Asian ________)
71. Co-evolution – when two or more species have evolved together and _________ both organisms