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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2009 This as a guide and does not replace your notes! A) Explain the components of metabolism. What is meant by by coupling exergonic reaction to endergonic reactions? B) Describes ways in which molecules can move across a biphoshoplipid layer. What is meant by going “Against a concentration gradient”? C) If we place a cell in a hypotonic solution what would happen to the cell shape? If placed in a hypertonic solution? Isotonic? D) What is meant by redox reactions? During aerobic conditions, what is being oxidized when cells are producing ATP? What is being reduced? E) In the animal cell, where does CO2 come from? Where does H2O come from? Be specific! F) In the plant cell, where is CO2 fixed? Where does O2 come from? Be specific! G) What does the term Oxidative Phosphorylation mean? Where does it occur in the cell? Be specific! H) What does Photo- synthesis mean? Where does it occur in the cell? Be specific! I) What is meant by the light reaction? What is meant by the dark reaction? Explain. J) In the presence of oxygen, how does an animal cell typically obtain its energy? Draw or list the overall reaction- For full credit, include and explain the three major processes involved their starting reactants and end products. K) Describe photosynthesis; For full credit, include major reactions, the starting reactants and finished products and where they take place. L) Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. For full credit describe all of the phases involved and their major differences. Be sure to include all key terms. Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 13 7.1 Membrane structure and function Selective permeability, Fig. 7.2 phospholipid bilayer, Fig. 7.3 fluid mosaic model, Fig. 7.7 animal cell’s plasma membrane, integral proteins, transmembrane proteins, peripheral proteins Fig. 7.9 some functions of membrane proteins- transport, cell-cell recognitionglycolipids and glycoproteins Synthesis and sidedness- Fig. 7.10 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability The permeability of the lipid bilayer- hydrophobic nonpolar molecules such as hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, oxygen and lipids can cross membranes 7.3 Passive transport Diffusion, concentration gradient, osmosis, tonicity, isotonic, hypotonic, Fig. 7.13 Animal cells- lysis, crenate (shrink) Plant cells- Turgid, flaccid Facilitated diffusion 7.4 Active transport Movement against the concentration gradient requires energy Fig. 7.16 sodium potassium pump Membrane potentials by ion pumps Electrochemical gradient 7.5 Bulk transport- exocytosis and endocytosis, ligands, phagocytosis, pinocytosis 1 Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2009 This as a guide and does not replace your notes! 8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics Organization of Chemistry of life into metabolic pathways- metabolism all chemical reactions within a cell, catabolic and anabolic pathways 8.2 Forms of energy- kinetic, potential, chemical Fig. 8.5 the relationship of free energy to stability Fig. 8.7 c) Equilibrium and work in closed and open systems- potential energy found in glucose can be transformed to packaged energy (ATP) to be used in other cellular reactions 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reaction to endergonic reactions Fig. 8.8 and 8.9 The structure of ATP and the source of energy found within the phosphate bonds Fig. 8.10 Energy coupling using ATP hydrolysis 9 Cellular respiration Fig. 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems 9.1 Catabolic pathway yields energy by oxidizing organic fuels Catabolic pathways and production of ATP- fermentation, anaerobic respiration, animal cells produce byproduct lactic acid, prokaryotic cells produce byproduct ethanol cellular respiration- oxygen consumed as a reactant along with glucose know byproducts. Redox reaction- oxidation , reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent Fig. 9.4 Electron carriers- NAD+ is reduced (gains electrons to form NADH “currency in the form of a check”) Fig. 9.5 An introduction to the Electron Transport Chain (NADH will be oxidized “cashed”- has a lot of potential energy to create ATP “cash”) Fig. 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration- glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation. 9.2 Glycolysis oxidation of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules Fig. 9.8 Energy investment, energy payoff, net Fig. 9.9 closer look at glycolysis 9.3 The citric acid cycle (TCA or Kreb cycle) completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules Fig. 9.10 Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (junction between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) THIS HAPPENS TWICE! For every 1 glucose there are 2 pyruvates formed! 2 Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2009 This as a guide and does not replace your notes! Fig. 9.11 overview of citric acid cycle (NADH, FADH2, ATP and CO2 produced) Fig. 9.12 closer look at the Citric acid cycle 9.4 Oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis Most of the ATP is produced in this Step of cell respiration! Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport chain without oxygen, the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down. Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the electrons from NADH and FADH2 moved down the Electron transport chain and drive Hydrogen ions across the membrane creating a chemical gradient (more Hydrogen ions on one side of the membrane) this hydrogen gradient drives the ATP synthase (protein channel within membrane) to produce ATP! Where does the hydrogen come from? Fig. 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose (where is most of the ATP produced?) 9.5 Fermentation- anaerobic respiration Fig. 9.17 Alcohol and lactic acid fermentation 9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways Fig. 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food- proteins, carbohydrates, and fats Chapter 10 Photosynthesis, autotroph, photoautotroph, heterotroph, 10.1 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy of food Photo- uses light to drive the Synthesis of sugar (produce sugar) Know the site of photosynthesis in plants- Chloroplast, chlorophyll, mesophyll, stomata, stroma, thylakoids, thylakoid space 6 Carbon dioxide + 12 water + light energy Glucose + 2Oxygen + 6water Understand Figure 10.3- mesophyll, stomatas and what they let in and out, Mesophyll cell, chloroplast, chloroplast outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space, stroma, granum, thylakoid, and thylakoid space 3 Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2009 This as a guide and does not replace your notes! Know the two stages of photosynthesis- light reaction (the photo part) and Calvin cycle (dark reaction)- the synthesis part Know that water splitting provides the electrons an protons (H+) and gives off oxygen What is NADP+ and NADPN? Understand the overview of photosynthesis Fig. 10.5 10.2 The light reactioins Wavelength, visible light, photons, Understand what a spectrophotometer is used for Why leaves are green? Fig. 10.7 Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids Undesrtand excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule Fig 10.11 Understand Photosystems: areaction- center complex associated with light harvesting complexes Know these terms, photsytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex, primary electron acceptor, Photsystem II and Photosystem I. Understand how the Linear flow during the light reaction Fig. 10.13 Compare chemiosmosis in Chloroplast and Mitochondria Fig. 10.16 Understand the light reaction and chemiosmosis : the organization of the thylakoid membrane fig. 10.17 10.3 The Calvin cycle The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar- carbon fixing Know the three phases of the calvin cyle Fig 10.18 Know that the carbohydrate produced directly from the calvin cycle is actually not glucose, but a three carbon sugar by the name of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate (G3P) 10.4 Alternative Mechanisms Understand the difference between C3 plants, C4 plants, photorespiration, CAM Chapter 12 and 13 Chromosome, chromotids, sister chromotids, homologous chromosomes, (fig. 12.4) centrosome, Mitosis, Meiosis Understand the cell cycle, fig. 12.5, interphase, synthesis of DNA in Interphase, cell division (Mitosis or Meiosis) Page 232 mitotic Division of animal cell Aster, centrioles, 4 Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2009 This as a guide and does not replace your notes! Binary fission, Understand fig. 13.5 the human life cycle Understand fig. 13.4 describing chromosomes Somatic cells, Diploid, haploid, sex chromosomes, autosomes, zygote, fertilization, differentiation, gametes, Understand the steps involved in meiosis (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)- know which meiosis I or Meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids or separation of homolgous pairs Understand fig 13.7 overview of meiosis Understand fig. 13.8 and 13.9 comparison of mitosis and meiosis in diploid cells 5