* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
Fred Singer wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate-friendly gardening wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
Climate change, industry and society wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
Emissions trading wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
German Climate Action Plan 2050 wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
European Union Emission Trading Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Paris Agreement wikipedia , lookup
Carbon governance in England wikipedia , lookup
Low-carbon economy wikipedia , lookup
Years of Living Dangerously wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Kyoto Protocol and government action wikipedia , lookup
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in New Zealand wikipedia , lookup
Kyoto Protocol wikipedia , lookup
Economics of climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Kyoto Protocol JOCELYN GRAUER http://www.oneclimate.net/imagelib/posts/20070427/is2p2.jpg Outline Background Kyoto Provisions Mechanisms Imperfections U.S. Policy Future The Industrial Revolution http://www.flickr.com/photos/blvesboy/2121487586/ Importance With greenhouse emissions on the rise, climate change is occurring more rapidly. Climate change can cause disastrous effects like: Health: heat stress, air pollution, change in food and water supply,& ecological disturbances. Ecology: changes in rainfall, temperature and soil, & habitat transforms. Ocean: melting of glaciers, warmer oceans, rise in sea level, coastal flooding, salinization, property loss, & reduction in drinking water. Food Supply: droughts. Some Effects of Climate Change Permafrost Thawing Retreating Glaciers Heat Waves Thinning Ice Sheets Early Spawning Alpine Meadow Changes Noticing a Problem 1985- Villach, Austria First validated evaluation of the impact of global climate change. 1988- Toronto, Canada Call for Action: To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 2005 to 20% below 1988 levels. 1992-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: To reduce emissions by 2000 to 1990 levels. Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions http://www.env.go.jp/earth/g8/en/g20/img/idx_popup_img1.jpg Formation of the Kyoto Protocol December 11, 1997- Kyoto, Japan To reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008 and 2012. How to reduce: To assign greenhouse targets to developed countries. To reduce emissions 5.2% below 1990 levels. To arrange emissions trading of six greenhouse gasses. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/cib/1997-98/98cib10-1.gif http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/media/graphics/6/detail/ Kyoto Finally in Effect November, 2004- Russia ratified. February 16, 2005- The Protocol entered in force. Enough developed nations to represent 55% of emissions levels in 1990. Putin and Bush take opposing views on Kyoto. http://www2.grist.org/images/news/muck/2004/10/07/putin_n_bush.jpg 183 Countries ratified http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/kyoto_protocol_participation_map_2005.jpg How to Reduce Emissions Enhance energy efficiency. Protect sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases. Promote sustainable agriculture. Promote new and renewable energy forms. Reduce market imperfections, subsidies, and exemptions in greenhouse emitting sectors. Encourage reforms in sectors aimed at promoting policies that reduce emissions. Promote measures to reduce emissions. Reduce methane emissions through recovery. Mechanisms Emissions Trading (“The Carbon Market”) “Assigned Amount Units” Sell excess units to countries over their targets. Joint Implementation Earn emission reduction units from a reduction in emissions by enhancement of removals by sinks. The Clean Development Mechanism Implement an emission reduction project in developing countries. Over 1,000 projects registered since 2006 amounting to more than 2.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Emissions Trading Members set a cap of amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted. Countries hold credits equivalent to emissions permitted to emit. Countries can increase emission allowance by buying credits from those that emit less. http://www.global-carbon.com/images/euets_th_0.gif Joint Implementation Enhance natural sequestration of carbon. •1. Forest: Increase reforestation causing removal of carbon through photosynthesis. •2. Ocean: Add iron to stimulate plankton which remove carbon through photosynthesis. •3. Soil: Increase no-till farming, cover cropping, and crop rotation. •4. Savanna: Allow controlled burns to increase germination. New Ukrainian forests planted to sequester carbon will also provide other benefits such as protecting soils against erosion. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0413e/a0413e21.jpg Clean Development Mechanism Invest reducing emissions in developing countries to avoid expensive reductions in their own country. 1. Small Scale: Renewables and energy efficiency. 2. Consolidated: Methane reduction and incineration of waste. 3. Forestry: Remediation of degraded land. The NorthWind Bangui project in the Philippines is the country's first Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project registered in Bonn, Germany. http://farm1.static.flickr.com/186/453777277_1592d54e7f.jpg?v=0 Mechanisms (cont.) Transfers are tracked and recorded through registry systems. The mechanisms: Help stimulate green investment. Help Parties meet their emissions targets cost-effectively. Controversial Flaws No penalties for noncompliance or withdraw Possibilities: financial penalties, trade sanctions, and emission penalties under future climate change agreements. What are “emission reductions?” Some think “sinks” should receive credits. Kyoto Mechanisms The actual use of methods have not been finalized. Fundamental Shortcomings Exclusion of Developing Nations Old, dirty technology or no environmentally-friendly alternatives. Kyoto gains offset by developing world. Costs and Economic Implications Costs are not favorable to immediate benefits. http://lh6.ggpht.com/_oe5QIJhDmjo/R8Kh85d4WEI/AAAAAAAABWA/pI3lgZTNCBw/IMG_0562.JPG U.S. Climate Change Policy Clinton: 1998- Signed, yet some members of Congress criticized. Supported Kyoto, yet criticized the exclusion of developing countries. Bush: Voluntary actions to reduce emissions by 18% over 10 years (2002). U.S. Climate Change Research Initiative and National Climate Change Technology Initiative Conduct research and invest in science, technologies, and institutions. Overview The Kyoto Protocol is a significant step forward in reducing emissions. There are several flexible mechanisms to help reduction. However, it is diplomatic rather than legally binding. This complex agreement’s effects have yet to be determined. Kyoto Protocol Raises awareness about the severity of global warming. Not the complete solution. Fundamental reduction in energy consumption. Changes in lifestyle. http://www.greenschoolsalliance.org/images1/globeINhand.jpg What You Can Do Learn more about the environment. Save electricity. Bike, bus, and walk. Plant trees. Recycle. Buy energy saving products. http://www.vpfo.msu.edu/site_graphics/GreenIdeas.jpg Works Cited Bond, Eric. “The Kyoto Protocol.” Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. 16 January 2003. 16 August 2008. http://climatechange.sea.ca/kyoto_protocol.html. Flannery, Tim. “The Road to Kyoto.” The Weather Makers. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005. Fletcher, Susan R. “Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol.” CRS Report for Congress. 21 July 2005. 24 October 2008. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/50815.pdf. “Kyoto Protocol FAQs.” CBN News. 14 February 2007. 21 August 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/kyoto/. “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.” UNFCC. 21 August 2008. http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/1678.php. Pittel, Karen and Rubbelke, Dirk. “Climate policy and ancillary benefits: A survey and integration into the modelling of international negotiations on climate change.” Ecological Economics. 68 (2008): 210-220.