Download AP Module 18 19 20 Exam 11 12 test bank

AP Module 18 19 20 Exam 2011 2012
1. According to the text, learning involves:
A) the ability to think abstractly.
B) a change in behavior due to experience.
C) the development of prosocial behavior.
D) a reduction in extrinsic motivation.
2. Conditioning is the process of:
A) discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) learning associations.
D) observational learning.
3. Pet cats who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their
cat food illustrate:
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.
4. After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the
first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:
A) operant conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) respondent behavior.
D) observational learning.
5. Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery
of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:
A) adaptation.
B) respondent behavior.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
6. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:
A) Watson.
B) Locke.
C) Hume.
D) Pavlov.
7. Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to
administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following
processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she
smells rubbing alcohol?
A) stimulus discrimination
B) classical conditioning
C) spontaneous recovery
D) operant conditioning
8. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n):
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.
9. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was
a(n):
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.
10. If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the
presentation of food, the tone is called a(n):
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) primary response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) immediate reinforcer.
11. Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing
the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to
light is established and gradually strengthened is called:
A) adaptation.
B) acquisition.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.
12. Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly
associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red
light was a:
A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.
13. In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the
________.
A) US; CS
B) UR; CR
C) CS; US
D) CR; UR
14. Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
A) UR; CR
B) CS; UR
C) US; UR
D) CS; US
15. Spontaneous recovery refers to the:
A) expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of
lack of incentive.
B) organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though
they were the CS.
C) return of a response after punishment has been terminated.
D) reappearance, after a rest pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
16. Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when
stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates:
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) continuous discrimination.
C) secondary responding.
D) generalization.
17. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and
motorcycles. This best illustrates:
A) generalization.
B) secondary responding.
C) shaping.
D) spontaneous recovery.
18. An organism learns associations between events it doesn't control during the process
of:
A) negative reinforcement.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) shaping.
19. In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
A) observational learning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) latent learning
20. A Skinner box is a(n):
A) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable
behaviors.
B) “slot machine” used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling
practices.
C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
D) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational
learning.
21. Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with
anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then
only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is
using the method of:
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) delayed reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) shaping.
22. An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) reinforcer.
D) operant behavior.
23. Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers
________ the rate of operant responding.
A) decrease; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) increase; increase
D) have no effect on; decrease
24. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is
called a ________ reinforcer.
A) delayed
B) negative
C) partial
D) conditioned
25. A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired
under conditions of:
A) continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.
B) primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement.
C) partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement.
26. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.
A) delayed
B) intermittent
C) conditioned
D) negative
27. A fixedratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only
after a(n):
A) specified time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses have been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses have been made.
28. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced
only after a(n):
A) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
B) specified time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses has been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses has been made.
29. An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the
same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The
employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while
the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a
________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-ratio
D) variable-interval
30. On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop
quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying
for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
31. Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________
schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
32. Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments
________ the rate of operant responding.
A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) have no effect on; decrease
33. For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of:
A) shaping over generalization.
B) reinforcement over punishment.
C) classical conditioning over operant conditioning.
D) primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers.
34. Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior
will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of
________ in operant conditioning.
A) secondary reinforcers
B) cognitive processes
C) biological predispositions
D) intrinsic motivation
35. After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of
the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a:
A) cognitive map.
B) discriminative stimulus.
C) law of effect.
D) fixed-interval schedule.
36. If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run
the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good
performance demonstrates:
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) intrinsic motivation.
37. Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:
A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) cognitive processes.
D) conditioned reinforcers.
38. The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
involves:
A) latent learning.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) delayed reinforcers.
39. Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory
psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would
boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of
________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.
A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
C) an unconditioned response; a conditioned response
D) a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule
40. It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a
food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
A) primary reinforcers
B) generalization
C) spontaneous recovery
D) biological predispositions
41. According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by:
A) external influences.
B) emotions.
C) unconscious motives.
D) conscious thoughts.
42. Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for:
A) the law of effect.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) extrinsic motivation.
43. In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated
Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the
importance of:
A) operant conditioning.
B) respondent behavior.
C) observational learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.
44. We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions
are:
A) conditioned responses.
B) extrinsically motivated.
C) followed by reinforcement.
D) violent or antisocial.
45. Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the
many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates
the value of observational learning for promoting:
A) conditioned responses.
B) prosocial behavior.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) spontaneous recovery.
46. Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents.
This illustrates the importance of:
A) delayed reinforcement.
B) observational learning.
C) respondent behavior.
D) shaping.
47. Corrlational studies show that prolonged viewing of television
violence____________________ increased rates of violent behavior.
A) inhibits
B) causes
C) is unrelated to
D) predicts
48. Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical
conditioning? (AP94) (Mod 18)
(A) The startle response of a baby the first time the baby hears thunder
(B) A child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog
(C) The cry of pain expressed by a man whose hand has been cut on a piece of broken
glass
(D) The uncontrollable blinking of a woman who has just gotten dust in her eye
(E) The salivation of a dog that is halfway through a bowl of its favorite food
49. In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was
(AP94) (Mod 18)
(A) An unconditioned stimulus only
(B) An unconditioned response only
(C) A conditioned response only
(D) Both an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus
(E) Both an unconditioned and a conditioned response
50. A monkey is conditioned to flinch at the sound of a bell that was previously paired
with a puff of air to the monkey’s cheek. Which of the following explanations would be
consistent with a cognitive interpretation of this conditioning? (AP04) (Mod 18)
(A)The animal cannot control its tendency to flinch because the response of flinching is
simply a reflex to the bell
(B)The strength of the flinch response is a function of the time interval between the onset
of the bell and the air puff.
(C)The monkey interprets the bell as a signal that the air puff will follow.
(D)The bell is merely a substitute stimulus for the air puff.
(E)Monkeys are intelligent and know that they should flinch when they hear tones that
are paired with stimuli the elicit reflexes.
QUESTION 44 REFERS TO THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS.
(A)Prototype matching to organize information into categories
(B)Maintaining information in memory through repetition
(C)Differential treatment, usually negative, based on group membership
(D)Recognizing an object as distinct from its surroundings
(E)Learning to respond differently to similar stimuli
54. Which is a definition of discrimination that most directly applies to classical
conditioning? (AP04) (Mod 18)
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
(E) E
52. Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? (AP94) (Mod 18)
(A) It was formulated to account for cognitive development.
(B) It is rooted in Sigmund Freud's view of the importance of early experiences.
(C) It focuses on the development of thought processes and knowledge.
(D) It holds that development is largely a product of learning.
(E) It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment.
53. After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time
that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when
(AP94) (Mod 18)
(A) The tone only is presented
(B) The food only is presented
(C) The food and tone are presented together
(D) A different tone is presented with the food
(E) A different kind of food is presented without a tone
54. If a man who is a heavy smoker is given an electric shock every time he takes a puff
on a cigarette, which of the following behavior-modification techniques is being used?
(AP94) (Mod 19)
(A) Systematic desensitization
(B) Modeling
(C) Aversive conditioning
(D) Homogeneous reinforcement
(E) lnterlocking reinforcement
55. Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are
easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably
avoid which of the following? (AP94) (Mod 19)
(A) Corporal punishment
(B) Mild punishment
(C) Consistent punishment
(D) Inescapable punishment
(E) Delay of punishment
56. The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is
called (AP94) (Mod 19)
(A) Positive reinforcement
(B) Negative reinforcement
(C) Distributed practice
(D) Modeling
(E) Shaping
57. Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of
reinforcement schedule? (AP94) (Mod 19)
(A) Continuous
(B) Negative
(C) Variable-interval
(D) Variable-ratio
(E) Fixed-interval
58. Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the (AP99)
(Mod 19)
(A) Behavior is complex
(B) Behavior was very recently acquired
(C) Punishment is delivered soon after the behavior
(D) Punishment is delivered by someone with authority
(E) Punishment is both mental and physical
59. One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it (AP99)
(Mod 19)
(A) Did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings
(B) Did not take into account overt physical behaviors
(C) Did not take into account accumulated experiences
(D) Focused primarily on childhood experiences
(E) Focused primarily on the unconscious
60. John Garcia showed that when rats ingested a novel substance before becoming
nauseated from radiation of drugs, the acquired a (AP04) (Mod 19)
(A) Conditioned taste preference for the substance
(B) Generalized taste preference for similar substances
(C) Conditioned taste aversion for the substance
(D) Conditioned taste aversion for any novel substance
(E) Conditioned taste preference for any novel substance
61. Research indicates that many animals are more likely to associate sickness with a
taste they experienced in conjunction with the illness than with a tone or light. This
finding supports which of the following claims (AP04) (Mod 19)
(A) The tone or light must not have been appropriately paired with the onset of illness
(B) Illness is not necessarily punishing to subjects
(C) Animals may be biologically prepared to learn some things over other things
(D) Extrinsic reinforcers may be more effective than intrinsic reinforcers
(E) Positive reinforcers are more effective than punishers
62. Rats in an experiment learned to associate sweetened water with a drug that causes
immune suppression. Later, the sweetened water alone produced the immune
suppression. This outcome is an example of which of the following? (AP04) (Mod 19)
(A) Learned helplessness
(B) Systematic desensitization
(C) Operant conditioning
(D) Classical conditioning
(E) Biofeedback
63. In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then
B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent (AP99) (Mod 18)
(A) stimulus, response
(B) Response, reinforcement
(C) Stimulus, reinforcement
(D) Response, stimulus
(E) Stimulus, stimulus
64. Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the
following processes? (AP99) (Mod 19)
(A) Shaping
(B) Punishment
(C) Positive reinforcement
(D) Negative reinforcement
(E) Omission training
65. Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated
with (AP99) (Mod 19)
(A) electric shock
(B) Extinguished associations
(C) Sickness/nausea
(D) Novel stimuli
(E) Starvation
66. A two year old child is frightened by a small dog. A few weeks later the same child
sees a cat and becomes frightened. The child’s reaction is most likely an example of
which of the following? (AP04) (Mod 18)
(A) Stimulus discrimination
(B) Second-order conditioning
(C) Stimulus generalization
(D) Sensory preconditioning
(E) Spontaneous recovery
67. The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the
following? (AP94) (Mod 20)
(A) Classical conditioning
(B) Gestalt theory
(C) Hypothesis testing
(D) Operant conditioning
(E) Social learning theory
68. After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins
to clean her own room. According to social-learning theorists, Sarah’s behavior is an
example of which of the following? (AP04) (Mod 20)
(A) Classical conditioning
(B) Spontaneous recovery
(C) Stimulus generalization
(D) Discrimination training
(E) Observational learning