Download Chapter 3 Biochemistry Section 1 – Carbon Compounds Section 2

Chapter 3 Biochemistry
Section 1 – Carbon Compounds
Section 2 – Molecules of Life
Objectives

Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.

Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.

Identify functional groups in biological molecules.

Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.

Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.
Carbon Bonding

_______________________________________ are made primarily of carbon atoms.

Most matter in living things is organic

_______________________________________ do not contain carbon atoms.

Water is an example of an inorganic molecule

Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level.
o Therefore it can _______________________________________
o Carbon readily binds with other carbon atoms
o Can form _______________________________________
o Can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings.
Carbon Bonds
Functional Groups

A cluster of atoms in many organic compounds is called a
_______________________________________

They influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical
reactions the molecules undergo.

_______________________________________ is a functional group that can make a
molecule polar.
o Polar molecules are hydrophilic and therefore soluble in water
Large Carbon Molecules

_______________________________________ are the building blocks of molecules.

_______________________________________ consist of repeated linked units

Large polymers are called macromolecules

Monomers combine to form polymers in a
_______________________________________.

Water is used to break polymers down in a
_______________________________________
Energy Currency

Energy is available to the cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount
of energy in their overall structure.

_______________________________________.
o 5 carbon sugar, ribose
o Nitrogen containing compound, adenine
o _______________________________________
ATP

The phosphate groups are attached to each other by covalent bonds.

Relatively unstable bonds
o When the bond between the phosphate groups is broken
_______________________________________.
o This hydrolysis of ATP is used by the cell to provide the energy needed to drive
the chemical reactions that enable an organism to function.
Review Questions
(Complete on a separate sheet a paper. Be sure to include your name and period number.)
1. How do inorganic and organic molecules differ?
2. How do carbon’s bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide variety of
biological molecules?
3. Name four types of functional groups.
4. What role do functional groups play in the molecules in which they are found?
5. How are monomers, polymers, and macromolecules related to each other?
6. How is a polymer broken down?
7. Why is ATP referred to as the “energy currency” in living things?
3.2 Molecules of Life
Objectives

Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.

Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.

Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.

Compare the nucleic acids – DNA and RNA.
Carbohydrates

_______________________________________ are organic macromolecules that are
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. These atoms are combined in a ratio of:

_______________________________________

Some carbohydrates function in storing energy and some provide structural support.

Carbohydrates can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides

_______________________________________are the monomers of carbohydrates.

Also called simple sugars

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are the most common monosaccharides.
o Glucose is the main source _______________________________________.
o Fructose is _______________________________________ (sweetest
monosaccharide)
o Galactose is _______________________________________
Monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but different
structures.

The difference in structure determines the slightly different properties of the three
compounds.

This is known as _______________________________________-single chemical
formula, but different structural forms
Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar, or
_______________________________________.

Fructose and glucose combine to _______________________________________
Polysaccharides

_______________________________________ is a complex molecule composed of
three or more monosaccharides.

_______________________________________ consists of hundreds of glucose
molecules strung together is a highly branched chain.

_______________________________________ is the storage form in animals

_______________________________________ is the storage molecule in plants
o Highly branched chains similar to glycogen
o Long, coiled unbranched chains

_______________________________________is another polysaccharide made by
plants.
o Gives plants strength and rigidity
o 50% of wood is cellulose
o Thousands of glucose monomer linked in long straight chains.
Proteins

_______________________________________ are organic compounds composed
mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Monomers of proteins are _______________________________________.

Hair, horns, skin, muscles, and enzymes.
Amino Acids

There are 20 different amino acids, and all share a basic structure.

Amino acid contains a central carbon atom covalently bonded to four other atoms or
functional groups.
o A single hydrogen
o A _______________________________________
o An _______________________________________
o A _______________________________________
Amino Acids

The main difference among the different amino acids is in their R group.

The differences among the amino acid R groups gives different proteins very
_______________________________________.

Different shapes allow proteins to carry out many different activities.
Dipeptides and Polypeptides

Two amino acids bond to form a dipeptide through a condensation reaction.

Held together by _______________________________________

Very long chains of amino acids are called
_______________________________________.

Proteins are composed of one or more polypeptides

Some contain hundreds of amino acids

Proteins may be bent and folded in shape

_______________________________________ a proteins changes its shape
o Heat and pH.
o Ex. Cooking eggs
Enzymes

_______________________________________molecules that act as biological catalysts.

Are essential for the functioning of any cell.

Work by the _______________________________________

Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific
_______________________________________ (reactant being catalyzed)

Enzymes have fold, or an active site the substrate fits into.

Enzymes can be denatured-which causes them to change shape and they will no longer
function
Lipids

_______________________________________ are large, nonpolar organic molecules.

they do not dissolve in water

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments.

Higher ration of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms that carbohydrates do.

Three most important lipids to living things:
o _______________________________________
o _______________________________________
o _______________________________________
Fatty Acids

_______________________________________ are unbranched carbon chains that make
up most lipids

long carbon chains with a _______________________________________, -COOH,
attached at one end.

The two ends have different properties
o The carboxyl end is polar and is thus
_______________________________________ or attracted to water
o The hydrocarbon end is in nonpolar and therefore
_______________________________________ or “water fearing”
Fatty Acids

The fatty acids in _______________________________________s do not contain any
double bonds between the CH2 units
o Saturated fats are found in butter, cheese, chocolate, beef, and coconut oil.

The fatty acids in _______________________________________contain some carboncarbon double bonds.
o Unsaturated fats are found in olives and olive oil, peanuts and peanut oil, fish, and
mayonnaise.
Triglycerides

_______________________________________ are composed of three fatty acids joined
to one molecule of alcohol glycerol
o Saturated triglycerides are composed of saturated fatty acids

High melting points

Hard at room temp

Butter and fats in red meat
o Unsaturated triglycerides are composed of unsaturated fatty acids

Soft or liquid at room temp

Plant seeds – serve as energy and carbon source for germinating seeds.
Phospholipids

_______________________________________ have two fatty acid tails attached to a
molecule of glycerol-phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol.

Make up the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
Waxes

_______________________________________ is a type of structural lipid consisting of
a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain.

Waxes are waterproof
o provide a protective coating on the outer surface of plants.
o Form protective layer in animals

Ear wax-stops microorganism from entering the ear canal.
Steroids

Steroids are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached
to them.
o _______________________________________
Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are formed from _______________________________________
monomers.

Nucleotides are chemical compounds that are primarily comprised of the elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

They consist of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate
groups.

There are two main types of nucleic acids - ribonucleic acids (RNA) and
deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA).

These nucleic acids are different because their five-carbon sugars are different. RNA
contains ribose, and DNA contains deoxyribose
Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA also have different functions.

DNA stores genetic information and encodes the sequences of all the cell's proteins.

RNA is involved in the direct production of the proteins.

Nucleic acids are also different because the sequence of nitrogenous bases that they
contain are different.

There are five nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), and
guanine (G) are found in both DNA and RNA. Thymine (T) is only found in DNA, and
uracil (U) is only found in RNA.
RNA vs. DNA
Review Questions
(Complete on a separate sheet a paper. Be sure to include your name and period number.)
1. Compare the structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
2. How are proteins constructed from amino acids?
3. How do amino acids differ from one another?
4. Describe a model of enzyme action.
5. Why do phospholipids orient in a bilayer when in a watery environment, such as a cell?
6. Describe how the three major types of lipids differ in structure from one another.
7. What are the functions of the two types of nucleic acids.