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Download CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SHEET Briefly describe metabolism. What
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CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SHEET 1. Briefly describe metabolism. What governs its processes? 2. What are metabolites? 3. Differentiate between anabolic and catabolic reactions. 4. Summarize the common metabolic themes that all organisms demonstrate. 5. How is a metabolic pathway similar to a synthesis scheme in organic chemistry? 6. Exemplify a linear, cyclic and spiral metabolic pathway. 7. The fact that pathways proceed via multiple steps helps to control what? How do they adjust to changing environmental conditions? 8. Describe the steady state of metabolic reactions. 9. Draw diagrams that exemplify the difference between feedback inhibition and feedforward activation. 10. Briefly describe the major roles of anabolism and catabolism. 11. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs. 12. For what does compartmentation of metabolism allow? Where does it occur? Match the location of the metabolic processes. _____ 13. Cytosol A. Nucleic acid synthesis _____ 14. Mitochondrion B. Delivery of proteins, synthesis of lipids for membranes _____ 15. Endoplasmic reticulum _____ 16. Nucleus C. Fatty acid synthesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, etc. _____ 17. Golgi apparatus D. Sorting and secretion of some proteins E. Citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid degradation 18. What is the equation that relates standard Gibbs free energy to actual Gibbs free energy? 19. What is the equation that relates Gibbs free energy to the equilibrium constant? 20. What is the main condition that changes most cellular free energies from being nonspontaneous to being spontaneous? 21. If Q and K are close, the metabolic reaction is __________-_______________. If they are far apart, then the reaction is _______________, and is usually _______________ in some way as a __________ point in the pathway. 22. Predict the products: a. ATP + H2O G° = –32 kJ/mol b. ATP + H2O G° = –45 kJ/mol 23. Which complex is favored in aqueous solution: the complex of MgATP or the complex of MgATP? 24. What three reasons explain why a large amount of energy is released during the hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride linkages of ATP? 25. A series of __________ (or phosphotransferases) catalyze interconversions of nucleoside mono-, di- and triphosphates. Predict the products: a. GMP + ATP guanylate kinase b. GDP + ATP nucleoside diphosphate kinase 26. Intracellular ATP concentrations is maintained by the following two reactions. Predict the products: a. AMP + ATP , which is then converted to ATP. adenylate kinase b. The overall process is shown here: AMP + ATP + 2 Pi 27. Exemplify how the Gibbs free energy change for ATP hydrolysis in vivo is greater than the standard Gibbs free energy change given [ATP] = 3.8 mM, [ADP] = 0.9 mM and [Pi] = 5.2 mM for a particular organism. Assume 25°C and pH = 7.0. ATP ADP + Pi G° = –32 kJ/mol 28. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of ATP under standard conditions and in the cellular situation in #27. 29. Show using reaction equations the coupling a nonspontaneous reaction with the hydrolysis of ATP to drive the reaction. 30. Exemplify the use of phosphoryl-group transfer from ATP to synthesize glutamine from glutamate. 31. Describe the activity of phosphagens in muscles. 32. Exemplify ATP’s ability to transfer a nucleotidyl group by showing the synthesis of acetyl CoA. What side reaction contributes to the negative Gibb’s free energy? 33. Exemplify the action of phosphoenolpyruvate with pyruvate kinase to produce ATP. How are almost –30 kJ/mol released during the process? 34. Identify an example of a thioester. What two processes are driven by the release of energy from the hydrolysis of this molecule? Write an equation for this process. 35. Molecule A donates a H– ion or a H atom to molecule B. Which is oxidized? Which is reduced? Which is the oxidizing agent? Which is the reducing agent? 36. What is the equation that relates Gibbs free energy to cell potential? 37. Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change for the following reaction using the table of reduction potentials. Is the reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous? EtOH + oxaloacetate acetaldehyde + malate 38. What is the equation that relates standard cell potential to actual cell potential? 39. Using the standard cell potential from #37 and the given concentrations under cellular conditions, calculate the cellular cell potential assuming 25°C and pH = 7.0.. Is the reaction under cellular conditions more or less spontaneous? [EtOH] = 1.01 mM [oxaloacetate] = 0.75 mM [acetaldehyde] = 4.97 mM [malate] = 3.78 mM 40. Describe the classical approach to studying a metabolic pathway. How can NMR be used in the process? How are the steps verified? 41. How are mutations in single genes used to study a metabolic pathway? What if natural mutations are not available? What process can be used to modify enzymes in a pathway to study them? 42. How can inhibitory drugs be used to study a metabolic pathway?