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Transcript
CELL RESPIRATION & METABOLISM LECTURE 5 Cellular respiration includes aerobic and anaerobic respiration. This lecture is about anaerobic respiration. But, before you begin, you should get an overview of cellular respiration. FOR AN OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION, CLICK HERE (2 min). Aerobic respiration produces about 20 times more ATP than Anaerobic respiration. But anaerobic respiration provides the ATP we need if we need short bursts of energy. Click here. “Anaerobic” = “without oxygen” “Aerobic” means “with oxygen.” Cellular Respiration consists of metabolic pathways.. A Metabolic Pathway is… • series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to a product • each new substrate is the product of the previous reaction SOME REACTIONS ARE ENDERGONIC; OTHERS ARE EXERGONIC Your “Metabolism” When food is broken down, energetic electrons are released. NADH catches the electrons. NADH releases the electrons so that ATP can be made. Metabolism is all of the reactions in the body that involve energy transformation ANABOLISM & CATABOLISM = METABOLISM OVERVIEW IN GLYCOLYSIS: One 6-carbon glucose is oxidized to form two 3carbon PYRUVATE molecules GLUCOSE IS A simple sugar (C6H12O6) • Atoms held together by covalent bonds Glucose Glycolysis Occurs in Two Stages • Energy-requiring steps – ATP energy activates glucose and its six-carbon derivatives • Energy-releasing steps – The products of the first part are split into three- carbon pyruvate molecules – ATP and NADH form Energy-Requiring Steps of Glycolysis Energy-Requiring 2 ATP invested Steps glucose ATP ADP P glucose-6-phosphate P fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP P P fructose1,6-bisphosphate P P PGAL PGAL 2 ATP ARE REQUIRED FOR GLYCOLYSIS P NAD+ Pi P PGAL NADH NAD+ Pi PGAL NADH P P 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ADP ATP P 3-phosphoglycerate P P 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate P P 2-phosphoglycerate H2O P 2-phosphoglycerate PEP PEP ADP ADP ATP P 3-phosphoglycerate H2O P ADP ATP ATP pyruvate pyruvate 4 ATP + 2 NADH ARE PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS Use and Expenditure of Energy in Glycolysis ENERGY IS ADDED TO GLUCOSE Q: WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF NADH? A: NADH RECEIVES ELECTRONS IN A REDOX REACTION FADH is also an electron carrier and it works just like NADH Redox Reactions transfer energy • A compound that gains an electron is “reduced” • A compound that gives up an electron is “oxidized” Remember this? What is ATP review: ATP carries potential energy Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Phosphate groups P Adenine P P H2O P Hydrolysis Ribose ATP ADP For a 3 minute review of ATP, click HERE P + P + Energy Glycolysis: Net Energy Yield Energy requiring steps: 2 ATP invested Energy releasing steps: 2 NADH formed 4 ATP formed Net yield is 2 ATP and 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate molecules FERMENTATION • Pyruvate is converted to LACTIC ACID • NADH is produced • NADH can be used for glycolysis to help make 2 ATP (just a little). LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Click HERE for an explanation LACTIC ACID – causes soreness in skeletal muscle Note: the heart only respires aerobically. RBCs only use lactic acid fermentation because they lack mitochondria.
