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Adapting to Climate Change
TACC Training Module 4
1
Objectives of the Module
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Raise awareness of the importance of adaptation in
preparing for and coping with climate change
Introduce key stages of effective adaptation
planning
Highlight the importance of multi-level governance
in adaptation actions
Introduce international support programmes and
tools to support adaptation planning
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Overview
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Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change
Adaptation
Section 2: Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment
Section 3: Identifying and Selecting Adaptation
Options
Section 4: Integration of Adaptation into Development
Planning
Section 5: International Initiatives to Support Climate
Change Adaptation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
What is Climate Change Adaptation?
“Adaptation is an adjustment in natural or humans
systems in response to actual or expected
climate stimuli or their effects, which moderates
harm or exploits beneficial opportunities”
Parry et al, 2007 (IPCC)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
What is Climate Change Adaptation?
Adaptation…
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Refers to action taken to prepare for and cope with climate
change
Includes measures such as
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introducing drought tolerant crops
constructing flood walls
Etc.
Decreases the vulnerability of ecosystems and people to
climate change
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Why is Climate Change Adaptation
Important?
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Climate Change may be more rapid and pronounced than
expected
Impacts impose serious threats to lives and livelihoods in
particular in developing countries
Adaptation helps minimize negative effects of
environmental stress caused by climate change
May result in other, non-climate related benefits and winwin situations (e.g. for poverty reduction)
Fosters social-learning and creates more resilient societies
Inaction may have significant economic and social costs
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Why is Climate Change Adaptation
Important?
“Climate change poses clear, catastrophic threats. We
may not agree on the extent, but we certainly can't
afford the risk of inaction.”
Rupert Murdoch
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Important Principles (1): Recognize
Environment and Development Linkages
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Since maintaining healthy and resilient ecosystems,
achieving development priorities and improving the
quality of life are as important as adaptation to climate
change…..
…it is the combination of promoting conservation and
restoration of ecosystems, development choices,
adaptation actions and capacities that will allow us to
effectively address the climate change.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Important Principles (2):
Integrate Local Knowledge
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Understanding the linkages between the impacts of a
changing climate and their implications at the local level is
more complex than is captured in spatial, regional and
global climate models.
Participation of local partners is necessary to facilitate
integration of climate impact information with local
development knowledge to create pathways that
promote resilience and adaptation to climate change.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Important Principles (3):
Balancing Risks with Opportunities
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Understanding adaptation as part of ecosystem
management and development requires balancing the
focus of the biophysical risks associated with climate
change …
…with specific risks and opportunities in order to
address issues such as ecosystem and human well-being,
capacity and long-term development.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The Economic Argument for Adapting to
Climate Change
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Predicted costs of inaction action are at least 5%
of global GDP per year (Stern 2006)
Cost of reducing greenhouse gases and avoiding
climate change impacts is 1% of global GDP
Benefit-cost ration of taking action on climate
change 5:1
Early adaption action cost-effective and prevents
future losses associated with climate impacts
Diverse range of benefits for economy,
ecosystems, human health, etc.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Why is Adaptation Relevant at the
Sub-national Level?
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Impacts of climate change are directly felt at the
sub-national/local level
Local authorities are the first to receive the
complaints/requests from the affected population
Most adaptation actions will be deployed at the
local level
Adaptation measures have direct benefits for local
population and ecosystems
Sub-national/local development planning well
suited to integrate adaptation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Approaches to Adapt to
Climate Change
Approach
Example
Modify the threat
Building a dam for flood control
Prevent effects and impact
Introduce drought resistant crops
Change economic use patterns
Change crop land to a wildlife refuge
Change economic location
Relocating a farming region to
favorable locations
Accept the loss
When an adaptation measure is too
costly
Source: OECD
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Anticipatory vs. Reactive Adaptation
Type
Anticipatory
Adaptation
Reactive
Adaptation
Action
Taking action in
preparation of climate
change
Examples
• Purchase of insurance, place
houses on stilts
• Early warning systems
• New building codes
• Incentives for relocation
• etc.
•
•
Taking action when climate •
change effects are
•
experienced
•
•
Change in farm practice
Purchase of air conditioning
Compensatory payments
Subsidies
Beach nourishment
etc.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Anticipatory and Reactive Adaptation:
Natural and Human Systems
Source:
Klein 2007
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Defining the Entry Point/System for
Adaptation Planning
Possible Entry Points
Community level (“community based adaptation”)
City level (“urban adaptation”)
Sub-national/territorial level (e.g. region, state,
province)
National level
Transnational level (e.g. for shared ecosystem)
Source: Flickr
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Considering Urban Systems and Urban
Climate Change Adaptation
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Many cities are particularly
vulnerable to climate change
impacts due to their geographic
location (for example river deltas,
low-lying coastal areas)
Urban infrastructure not designed
for extreme whether events and the
number of citizens served
Source: BBC
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Considering Urban Systems and Urban
Climate Change Adaptation (cont.)
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Climate Change will contribute to
accelerated rural-urban migration
Urban poor particularly vulnerable
to climate change impacts (floods,
mud slides, etc.)
In some cases, extreme events may
destroy livelihoods of city dwellers
Source: Pripode
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Examples of Urban Climate
Change Adaptation
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Hardening urban infrastructure such as roads, bridges,
ports, water and sanitation facilities, cyclone shelters etc.
Urban greening, roof gardens etc to reduce heat island
effect
Development/restoration of urban eco-systems (e.g.
wetlands to reduce flooding)
Improved land use planning and zoning to reduce
settlement in disaster prone locations
Pro-poor Local Economic Development strategies that take
climate change into consideration
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Considering Ecosystems and
Ecosystem-based Adaptation
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Use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to support an
overall adaptation strategy
Aims to maintain and increase the resilience and services of
ecosystems
Generates social, economic and cultural co-benefits (e.g.
conservation of biodiversity, preservation of traditional
knowledge systems)
Has climate change mitigation potential (e.g. sequestration of
carbon through healthy forests, wetlands, and coastal
ecosystems)
EBA is cross-cutting and likely to involve different levels of
governance
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Examples of Ecosystem-Based
Adaptation
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Maintaining or restoring mangroves, coral reefs and
watershed vegetation reduces vulnerability to storm surge,
rising sea levels and changing precipitation patterns
Enhancing availability of natural resources as a source of
food important to livelihoods
Supporting indigenous peoples to enhance traditional
knowledge and management practices in light of a
changing climate condition
Maintaining connectivity of ecosystems, e.g. through
corridors allowing migration of animals in response to a
climate change stress
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Data Requirements for Adaptation
Planning
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Climate data
National and local weather data
 Seasonal forecasts
 Predictions from climate models
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Data on the natural and physical environment
Socio-economic data
Source: UNEP
Population dynamics including urbanization trends
 Economic development forecasts
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Planning information
National Development Plans
 Sub-national and Municipal Development Plans
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Etc.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Importance of Stakeholder
Engagement (1)
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Government not able to address the adaptation
challenge alone
Stakeholders play an important role in
implementing adaptation
Stakeholder engagement can bring important
knowledge to the table (e.g. community groups at
the local level)
Effective stakeholder engagement likely to enhance
the acceptance of decisions taken
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Importance of Stakeholder
Engagement (cont.)
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The assessment of vulnerability at the local and regional
levels is strongly centered on the involvement and
knowledge of a diversity of stakeholders
Key stakeholders may include community members, policymakers, researchers, experts, civil society and nongovernmental organizations
Stakeholders’ involvement also helps in empowering local
communities and decision makers as they can see decision
themselves as valuable sources of knowledge for
developing responses to climate change
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Identifying Stakeholders….
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They are affected by climate change and/or are living in
areas of high vulnerability that could be exaggerated by
progressing climate change
They have the information, resources or expertise required
for climate change impact and vulnerability assessment,
policy formulation and strategy implementation
They have control or an influence on key mechanisms for
adaptation and strategy formulation, implementation and
communication
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Questions
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Do sub-national authorities have sufficient knowledge to
understand climate variations (local and national
scenarios)?
Is relevant information available to undertake sound
adaptation planning?
How can uncertainties be integrated into decision-making?
How can local, sub-national and national adaptation
action be harmonized?
How can sub-national authorities access funding to cover
incremental costs for adaptation
Others…?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Overview
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Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation
Section 2: Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment
Section 3: Identifying and Selecting Adaptation
Options
Section 4: Integration of Adaptation into Development
Planning
Section 5: International Initiatives to Support Climate
Change Adaptation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
What is Climate Vulnerability?
Source: UNEP
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Vulnerability refers to the extent climate change is likely
to damage or harm a system
Vulnerability may be identified
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at different levels/scale (e.g. national, local)
for different sectors (e.g. agriculture, water)
for different population groups (e.g. women, children, urban
poor, landless rural laborers)
Vulnerability assessments are important input for
adaptation planning and help to identify where
adaptation action is most appropriate
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Old vs. New Approach to Adaptation:
Considering Vulnerability
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The Broader Context of
Climate Vulnerability
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People and communities are experiencing a number
of threats such as climate change, environmental
degradation and social and economic changes
Impacts of these challenges interact and
cumulatively increase the vulnerability of local and
regional areas and populations
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Climatic and Non-climatic Variables
of Human Health Vulnerability
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Concern
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Climatic drivers
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More frequent geographically widespread epidemics of infectious and
waterborne disease
Climatic changes may increase the area and number of disease vectors
More frequent heavy rainfall and droughts could disrupt water supply and
sanitation
Non-climatic drivers
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Severely degraded health care system
Declining immunity, nutritional and health status of population
High poverty rates
Poor programs for disease surveillance, vector control, and disease
prevention
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Factors Affecting Vulnerability
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Assessing the Potential Impact of
Climate Change
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Climate change impact assessments are based on
scenarios of projections of future climate change and
are presented as changes in temperature,
precipitation, sea level rise, etc.
Using available information and data, it is possible
to analyze the recent changes and trends in climate
parameters
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Source of Information for Assessing the
Potential Impact of Climate Change
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Global Circulation Models (GCM) and Regional
Circulation Models (RCM) are used with currently 50km
resolution
The projections are uncertain as it is a highly complex,
inter-dependent web, with possible tipping points that we
are not understanding yet
Scenarios described in IPCC Special Report on Emissions
Scenarios (SRES) used for projections
Key question: What are the human and environmental
consequences?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Guiding Questions for Assessing the
Potential Impact of Climate Change
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What are the changes in climate variables estimated by
different climate model simulations (e.g. frequency of
extreme events)?
Which elements of the system are exposed (e.g. agriculture,
water supply)?
How susceptible or fragile is the system to climate
variations?
How significant is the possible impact (e.g. changes in crop
yields)?
What are the potential consequences of estimated impacts
for development activities, capacities and adaptation
strategies?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Guidance Questions for Assessing
Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change
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To what extent are the natural and social systems
capable of adapting to the predicted climate
change?
Are resources, technology, education, etc.
sufficient to adapt effectively?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Example of Agricultural Vulnerability
Agricultural vulnerability to climate change is described in
terms of not only exposure to elevated temperatures, but also
crop yield sensitivity to the elevated temperatures, impacts on
crop, and the adaptive capacity of farmers to adapt to the
effects of that sensitivity, e.g., by planting more heat-resistant
cultivars or by ceasing to plant their current crop altogether.
Allen consulting and Schroter et al., 2005,
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Monitoring Vulnerability…..
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State and trends
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Impacts and sensitivity
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Frequency of natural events (e.g. floods)
Population affected by natural disasters
Infrastructure, assets
Diseases and health care delivery
Indices
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Human development index
Environmental vulnerability index
Index coastal risk index
Social vulnerability index
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Some examples of vulnerability assessments…
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The Case of Rainfall in Kitui,
Kenya
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Potential Impact (Exposure)
Source: Travel Pod
The arid area of Kitui likely to receive less water in the
future
 Rains are no longer reliable and droughts may last longer
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Potential Impact (Sensitivity)
Less drinking water available
 Reduced crops due to lack of irrigation
 Loss of income and increased poverty
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Adaptive Capacity
Travelling large distances to collect fresh water not viable
 Moving of population to other areas not possible
 Technology not available for digging a deep well
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Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The Case of Coastal Zone
Management in the Netherlands
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Potential Impact (Exposure)
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The Netherlands are already below sea level with dykes holding back
the North Sea
Increased sea level increase risks of coastal inundation and erosion
Existing dykes may no longer be effective against higher sea levels
Potential Impact (Sensitivity)
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Source: Free
Photo.com
A breach of Dykes would result in
 Loss of land
 Damage to crops
 Damage to habitats and communities
Adaptive Capacity
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Funds available to implement adaption measures (e.g. increase height of
dams)
Skills and equipment available
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The Case of Tropical Storms
in Jamaica
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Potential Impact (Exposure)
Source:
USA Today
The Caribbean already exposed to tropical storms
 Storms projected to increase in intensity and frequency
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Potential Impact (Sensitivity)
Increase of intensive storms may result in additional damage
to crops
 Soil erosion can follow damage to farm land
 Loss of income and food security
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Adaptive Capacity
Local community have some resources to deal with impacts
 Limited technology and physical resources to prevent future
damage
 Availability of labour and some financial resources
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Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Vulnerability in Different Contexts:
Summary Assessment for Case Examples
Case
Kitui, Kenya
Netherlands
Jamaica
Exposure
high
high
high
Sensitivity
high
high
medium
Adaptive
Capacity
low
high
medium
Vulnerability
high
low
medium
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Overview
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Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation
Section 2: Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment
Section 3: Identifying and Selecting Adaptation
Options
Section 4: Integration of Adaptation into Development
Planning
Section 5: International Initiatives to Support Climate
Change Adaptation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Identifying and Selecting
Adaptation Options
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Ultimate Objective
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Mainstreaming adaptation options into urban planning
Key characteristics of adaptation:
“An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual
or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates
harm or exploits beneficial opportunities”
(IPCC, 2007; Adger et al)
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Key questions
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What could be potential responses?
How would you prioritize these responses?
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Types and Examples of Adaptation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Identifying Adaptation Options
Generate adaptation options without initial
regard to feasibility, cost, etc.
 Consider options that
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 Enhance
flexibility (i.e. accommodate different climate
scenarios)
 Result in “no regrets” (i.e. generate benefits even
without climate change)
 Create co-benefits (e.g. reduction of toxic pollution)
 Can accommodate short and long-term considerations
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Prioritizing Adaptation Options
Category
Criteria
Mitigation co-benefits
Environmental impacts
Sustainability
Equity
Implementation Cost p
Operating and Maintenance Cost
Effectiveness
Robustness
Reliability
Urgency
Risk and Uncertainty
Degree of risk or impact
Precautionary
Ancillary benefits
Opportunity
No-regret option
Window of Opportunity
Public acceptability
Implementation
Funding sources
Capacity (information, technical, staff, resources)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Scoring the Criteria
Is the for the intervention readily available?
Technology required
1 = Not available, 2 = Must be imported, 3 = Available in the country,
4 = Locally available, 5 = Already installed
Additional running costs
Local employment
Will the intervention incur additional running costs?
1 = High costs, 2 = Medium, 3 = Low, 4 = No O&M costs
To what extent will the intervention impact job creation?
1 = Loss of jobs, 2 = Neutral, 3 = Few jobs, 4 = Many jobs (10-30)
What level is the institutional capacity currently at with respect to the
Local capacity to
implement
intervention?
1 = Very low, 2 = Low, 3 = Adequate, 4 = High
What is the consumer acceptability of this intervention in terms of additional
Acceptability to local
community
cost to them and convenience?
1 = None (high additional costs) , 2 = Low (some additional costs or
inconvenient), 3 = Neutral, 4 = High (no additional costs)
What is the period of impact of the intervention? short - long term)
Long term applicability
1 = <2 years, 2 = 2-5 years, 3 = 5-15 years, 4 = 15-25 years, 5 = >25 years
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Example of Criteria for Prioritization
Options can be classified in categories such as :
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Urgent adaptation options which can be done by
municipalities themselves
Urgent adaptation options for which municipalities need
assistance from the Government; options will be then
allocated to the responsible ministries
Options that provide a non-regret options that help to
address problems that they need to be dealt anyway
Adaptation options that are less important/urgent
Adaptation options for which there is no need or
willingness to implement
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Costing Adaptation Option
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Important to consider costs and benefits of:
 Adaptation option
 Non-action or delayed action
 Mal-adaptation
 Mitigation benefits
Consider costs & benefits of ecosystem services
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Identifying and Harvesting
“Low-hanging Fruits”
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Many adaptation options
are linked to sustainable
development practices
already known, e.g.:
 Maintaining
ecosystems
 Integrated water resource
management
 Disaster prevention
Source: Getty Images
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Avoiding Mal-adaptation
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Mal-adaptation is...
 Any
changes in natural or human systems that
inadvertently increase vulnerability to climatic stimuli;
 An adaptation that does not succeed in reducing
vulnerability but increases it

Both aspects of mal-adaptation
may have significant costs.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Evaluating the Success of Adaptation
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Evaluating success of adaptation creates challenges
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Long time horizon of measures
Climate scenarios may be different than expected
Need to wait for ex post evaluation (e.g. measure to adapt to
infrequent event can only be evaluated if event occurs)
Possible to evaluate
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E.g. reduction of extent a policy objective was achieved (e.g.
vulnerability)
If anticipated co-benefits were achieved
Monitoring and evaluation may help in spotting mal-adaptation.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Closing the Cycle: Some Considerations
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The importance of developing adaptation options that can
be translated into a concrete management plan and
preferably costed
The importance of aligning the adaptation plan to the
National Communications, National Adaptation Plans of
Action, and the municipal development strategies
The importance of presenting the information in a way that
is useful to the policy makers: communication!
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Some examples of adaptation options…
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Adaptation Options: Water Resources
Anticipatory Options
• Better use of recycled water
• Conservation of water catchment areas
• Improved system of water management
• Water policy reform including pricing
and irrigation policies
• Development of flood and drought
monitoring
Reactive Options
• Protection of groundwater resources
• Improved management and maintenance
of existing water supply systems
• Protection of water catchment areas
• Improved water supply
• Groundwater and rainwater harvesting
and desalination
e
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Adaptation Options:
Agriculture and Food
Anticipatory Options
Reactive Options
• Development of tolerant/resistant crops
(to drought, salt, insect/pests)
• Research and development
• Soil-water management
• Diversification and intensification of food
and plantation crops
• Policy measures, tax incentives/subsidies,
free market
• Development of early warning systems
• Erosion control
• Dam construction for irrigation
• Changes in fertilizer use and application
• Introduction of new crops
• Soil fertility maintenance
• Changes in planting and harvesting times
• Switch to different cultivars
• Educational and outreach programmes
on
conservation and management of soil and
water
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Adaptation Options: Human Health
Anticipatory Options
• Development of early warning system
• Better and/or improved disease/vector
surveillance and monitoring
• Improvement of environmental quality
• Changes in urban and housing design
Reactive Options
• Public health management reform
• Improved housing and living conditions
• Improved emergency response
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Adaptation Options:
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Anticipatory Options
Reactive Options
• Creation of parks/reserves, protected
areas and biodiversity corridors
• Identification/development of species
resistant to climate change
• Better assessment of the vulnerability of
ecosystems
• Monitoring of species
• Development and maintenance of seed
banks
• Including socioeconomic factors in
management policy
• Improvement of management systems
including control of deforestation,
reforestation and afforestation
• Promoting agroforestry to improve forest
goods and services
• Development/improvement of national
forest fire management plans
• Improvement of carbon storage in forests
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Adaptation Options: Coastal Zones
and Marine Ecosystems
Anticipatory Options
• Integrated coastal zone management
• Better coastal planning and zoning
• Development of legislation for coastal
protection
• Research and monitoring of coasts and
coastal ecosystems
Reactive Options
• Protection of economic infrastructure
• Public awareness to enhance protection
of coastal and marine ecosystems
• Building sea walls and beach
reinforcement
• Protection and conservation of coral
reefs, mangroves, sea grass and littoral
vegetation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Overview
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Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation
Section 2: Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment
Section 3: Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting
Adaptation Options
Section 4: Integration of Adaptation into
Development Planning
Section 5: International Initiatives to Support Climate
Change Adaptation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Integrating Adaptation within Development
Planning and Strategic Policies


National planning strategies provide entry points for
integrating adaptation
Strategic planning processes include, for example
National Development Strategies
 Poverty Reduction Strategies
 National Sustainable Development Strategies
 Etc.


Cross-sectoral policy processes relevant for adaptation
planning include, for example
National land-use planning
 Environmental regulations (e.g. strategic environmental
assessments)
 Etc.

Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
How is Adaptation Action Different
from Regular Development?
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Some development activities may have adaptation benefits by
reducing vulnerability (e.g. measures on education, poverty
reduction, infrastructure development, etc.)
Specific adaptation action most likely not covered though
regular development (e.g. preventing glacial outburst to
protect communities)
Vice versa, business-as usual development likely to lead to
mal-adaptation and economic loss (e.g. a transport
infrastructure not designed to cope with extreme events)
Important to undertake development planning with a climate
change lens
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Development and Adaptation: A
Continuum of Measures
Type of Development
Intervention
Relationship to
Adaptation
Examples
Human and economic development
Indirect measures to
decrease of overall
vulnerability
• Poverty reduction
• Gender initiatives, etc
Managing risks of climate change
Indirect measures to
strengthen adaptive
capacity
Disaster response planning
Technological solutions (e.g.
introducing new crops), etc.
Strengthening climate change
response capacity
Direct measures
influenced by climate
agenda
• Capacity development to
prepare for dealing with
climate change risks
•Participatory reforestation
projects, etc
Confronting impacts climate
change
Direct measures
directly responding to
climate change impact
Relocation of communities
Reactive adaptation
measures, etc.
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Integrating Adaptation within
Sectoral Strategies






Some sectors (e.g. agriculture) particularly affected by
climate change impacts
Important to raise awareness and engage key sectoral
ministries
Sectoral planning provides an opportunity to define
concrete adaptation actions
Policy formulation at sector level key entry point
Adaptation needs to become integral dimension of
sectoral planning
Modalities of funding: sector budget support provided
by national budget
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Government Sectors
Concerned with Adaptation






Energy
Fisheries
Food and Agriculture
Forestry
Health
Infrastructure






Nature and Ecosystem
Conservation
Spatial Planning
Tourism
Transport
Waste
Water
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The Case of Mainstreaming
Adaptation in China’s Agricultural Sector



Climate change traditionally not included in China’s
agricultural planning processes
Project initiated in 2004 to integrate climate change
adaptation into China’s Agricultural Development
Programme
Supporting measures include



Capacity development
Monitoring and evaluation
Partners involved

Government of China




State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development
National Development and Reform Commission
Ministry of Finance
World Bank/Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Importance of Multi-Level Adaptation
Planning (Vertical Integration)





Involvement of multiple levels of governance in development
planning requires co-ordination
Division of competence between national and sub-national
level varies among countries
National, sub-national and local adaptation action needs to
be mutually supportive
Action should be taken at the most appropriate level
Subsidiary principle


encourages action at the lowest level of governance whenever
possible
recognizes the importance for some action at higher level
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Mainstreaming Adaptation



Climate change is not just an environmental issue – it is a
development issue
Mainstreaming includes compromises and tradeoffs among
competing local, national and/or regional interests and
priorities
Finally, climate change adaptation mainstreaming processes
should account for sustainable development goals of the
country at hand as well as all elements, including
local/indigenous coping strategies
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Adaptation at Multiple Levels:
From Local to National




Community-based
adaptation
Urban/city level adaptation
Sub-national/territorial
adaptation
National level adaptation
Source: Arcticportal
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Community-based Adaptation (CBA)




CBA involves community-driven processes to
consider and cope with climate change
Balances climate considerations with other
factors (e.g. unemployment, conflict)
Draws upon community knowledge (e.g. past
strategies to cope with shocks)
Takes into account local priorities, needs,
knowledge, and capacities
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Urban/City Level Adaptation




Growth of urban areas creates opportunities and
challenges for adaptation
Development impacts are best observed and
understood at the local level
Urban development that ignores climate change
likely to result in maladaptation
Need to harmonized with sub-national and national
level adaptation strategies
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
The Case of Sorsogon City,
Philippines


Comprehensive vulnerability assessment conducted
looking at the city as a whole and the most vulnerable
communities (disaster prone locations, urban poor)
Key actions:
Revision of Comprehensive Land Use Plan
 Redesign of City Development Plan
 Disaster management improved (new shelter, better early
warning system) better coordination.
 Local economic development focus on fisher folk and
agriculture (most vulnerable sectors)
 Planning for slum upgrading and resettlement commenced in
light of climate threats

Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Sub-national/Territorial Level
Adaptation
Certain aspects of adaption measures
transcend urban and ecosystem boundaries
 More effective to undertake planning at the
sub-national/territorial level
 Examples of sub-national level measures

 Collaboration
on scientific data collection and
climate change modeling
 Certain infrastructure projects (e.g. public transport)
 Management of shared ecosystems (e.g. river)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Importance of Multi-Level Adaptation
Planning (Vertical Integration)





Involvement of multiple levels of governance in
development planning requires co-ordination
Division of competence between national and subnational level varies among countries
National, sub-national and local adaptation action
needs to be mutually supportive
Action should be taken at the most appropriate level
Subsidiary principle
encourages action at the lowest level of governance
whenever possible
 recognizes the importance for some action at higher level

Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Overview





Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Adaptation
Section 2: Conducting a Vulnerability Assessment
Section 3: Identifying and Selecting Adaptation
Options
Section 4: Integration of Adaptation into Development
Planning
Section 5: International Initiatives to Support
Climate Change Adaptation
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts,
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change


Programme on Adaptation within the UNFCCC Framework
(started in 2005, initially for 5 years)
Expected outcomes:
Enhanced capacity at international, regional, national, sectoral
and local level
 Improved information and advice to the COP of the UNFCCC
 Enhanced dissemination and use of knowledge from practical
adaptation activities
 Enhanced cooperation among Parties, relevant organizations,
business, civil society and decision makers
 Enhanced contribution of adaptation action to sustainable
development

Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Nairobi Work Programme:
Areas of Work
Nairobi Work Programme
Areas of work
Methods & tools
Economic
diversification
Technologies
for adaptation
Data & observations
Assist all Parties,
in particular developing countries,
including LDCs and SIDS, to:
Modelling, scenarios
& downscaling
Improve their understanding of climate
change impacts and vulnerability
Increase their ability to make informed
decisions on how to adapt successfully
Research
Adaptation planning
& practices
Risks &
extreme events
Socio-economic
information
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
UNFCCC-GEF Funding to Support
Adaptation: A Snapshot

Least Development Countries Fund (LDCF)



Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)



Address the vulnerability and low adaptive capacity of of Least Developed
Countries
Supported by National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA)
Supports adaptation, technology transfer, and sectoral strategies
Addresses special needs of developing countries for long-term adaptation
with priorities given to health, agriculture, water and vulnerable ecosystems
The Adaptation Fund


Funded through voluntary contributions and proceedings generated through
the Clean Development Mechanisms
Open to Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
National Adaptation
Programme of Action (NAPAs)




Rationale for NAPA based on high vulnerability and low adaptive
capacity of LDCs
COP 7 established work programme to support national adaptation
planning in LDCs
NAPAs are country-driven processes to identify activities that
respond to urgent and immediate needs to reduce vulnerability
Steps include







information synthesis
assessment of vulnerability and potential risk areas
identification of key priority adaptation measures
May serve as a basis for national policies and strategies
As of October 2008, 32 NAPAs (out of 48 LDC Parties)
Rough estimate of NAPA implementation in all 48 Parties - around
US$1 billion
USD 163 million pledged as of COP 13
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Guidance on Adaptation






UNDP Guidebook “Mainstreaming Climate Change
Adaptation into Development Planning: A Guide for
Practitioners”
UNDP Screening Tools and Guidelines to Support the
Mainstreaming of Climate Change Adaptation into
Development Assistance – A Stock-taking Report (2010)
UNFCCC Guidelines for the Preparation of National
Adaptation Programmes of Action (2002)
OECD Guidance on Integrating Climate Change Adaptation
into Development Co-operation (2009)
USAID Climate Change Adaptation Manual
UNEP VIA methodology (presented in this Territorial
Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 presentation)
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1
Support Services and Platforms



GEF-UNDP Adaptation
Learning Mechanism
(http://www.adaptationlear
ning.net)
WeAdapt
(http://wikiadapt.org)
UN CC:Learn (uncclearn.org)
Source: Sussex communigate
Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1