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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College CHAPTER 7 The Nervous System © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Central Nervous System (CNS) •Regions of the Brain • I. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) • II. Diencephalon • III. Brain stem • IV. Cerebellum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A. Central Nervous System (CNS) •Regions of the Brain • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1zkVBHPh5c • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hC6NGQReL4 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFp_qNifHzw © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem Adult brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12b I. Cerebrum •Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) •Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain •Includes more than half of the brain mass •The surface is made of ridges ( ) and grooves ( © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ) Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (deep) Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebral cortex (gray matter) Gyrus Spinal cord Sulcus Fissure (a deep sulcus) (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral white matter Figure 7.13a I. Cerebrum •Lobes of the cerebrum • (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes •Surface lobes of the cerebrum •Frontal lobe •Parietal lobe •Occipital lobe •Temporal lobe © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal lobe Left cerebral hemisphere Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cephalad Caudal (b) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain stem Cerebellum Figure 7.13b I. Cerebrum • Specialized areas of the cerebrum • • Receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors • Located in parietal lobe • • Sends impulses to skeletal muscles • Located in frontal lobe • • Involved in our ability to speak © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary motor area Premotor area Anterior association area • Working memory and judgment • Problem solving • Language comprehension Broca’s area (motor speech) Olfactory area Central sulcus Primary somatic sensory area Gustatory area (taste) Speech/language (outlined by dashes) Posterior association area Visual area Auditory area (c) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13c © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14 I. Cerebrum •Cerebral areas involved in • Gustatory area (taste) • Visual area • Auditory area • Olfactory area © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Cerebrum • areas of the cerebrum • Speech/language region • Language comprehension region • General interpretation area © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary motor area Premotor area Anterior association area • Working memory and judgment • Problem solving • Language comprehension Broca’s area (motor speech) Olfactory area Central sulcus Primary somatic sensory area Gustatory area (taste) Speech/language (outlined by dashes) Posterior association area Visual area Auditory area (c) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13c I. Cerebrum •Layers of the cerebrum • — outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies — fiber tracts deep • to the gray matter • hemispheres • connects — islands of gray matter buried within the white matter © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Longitudinal fissure Lateral ventricle Basal nuclei (basal ganglia) Superior Association fibers Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Corona radiata Fornix Thalamus Internal capsule Third ventricle Pons Projection fibers Medulla oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15 Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Choroid plexus of third ventricle Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Third ventricle Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebral peduncle of midbrain Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16a II: Diencephalon •Sits on of the brain stem •Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres •Made of three parts •Thalamus •Hypothalamus •Epithalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem (b) Adult brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12b Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Choroid plexus of third ventricle Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Third ventricle Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebral peduncle of midbrain Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16a Radiations to cerebral cortex Visual impulses Reticular formation Ascending general sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature) Auditory impulses Descending motor projections to spinal cord (b) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16b II. Diencephalon • •Surrounds the third ventricle •The relay station for •Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Diencephalon • • Under the thalamus • Important autonomic nervous system center • Helps regulate body • Controls balance • Regulates • Houses the limbic center for • Regulates the nearby • Produces two hormones of its own © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. gland III. Diencephalon • •Forms the roof of the third ventricle •Houses the gland) body (an endocrine •Includes the forms cerebrospinal fluid © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. — III. Brain Stem •Attaches to the spinal cord •Parts of the brain stem •Midbrain •Pons •Medulla oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Choroid plexus of third ventricle Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Third ventricle Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebral peduncle of midbrain Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16a III. Brain Stem • •Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers •Has two bulging fiber tracts— cerebral peduncles •Has four rounded protrusions— corpora quadrigemina • Reflex centers for © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Brain Stem • •The bulging center part of the brain stem •Mostly composed of fiber tracts •Includes nuclei involved in the control of © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Brain Stem • • The lowest part of the brain stem • Merges into the spinal cord • Includes important fiber tracts • Contains important control centers • • • • • © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. control regulation III. Brain Stem • •Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem •Involved in motor control of •Reticular activating system (RAS) •plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Radiations to cerebral cortex Visual impulses Reticular formation Ascending general sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature) Auditory impulses Descending motor projections to spinal cord (b) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16b IV. Cerebellum •Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces •Provides involuntary body movements © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. of Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Choroid plexus of third ventricle Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Third ventricle Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebral peduncle of midbrain Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16a Protection of the Central Nervous System •Scalp and skin •Skull and vertebral column •Meninges •Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) •Blood-brain barrier © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Superior sagittal sinus Subdural space Subarachnoid space Periosteal Meningeal Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Arachnoid villus Blood vessel Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only) (a) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17a Meninges • • Tough outermost layer • Double-layered external covering • • Middle layer • • Internal layer © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital lobe Tentorium cerebelli Cerebellum Arachnoid mater over medulla oblongata (b) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Skull Scalp Superior sagittal sinus Dura mater Transverse sinus Temporal bone Figure 7.17b Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) •Similar to blood plasma composition •Formed by the choroid plexus •Choroid plexuses–capillaries in the ventricles of the brain •Forms a watery the brain •Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Pathway of Flow 1. CSF is produced by the each ventricle. of 2. CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord. 3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral ventricle Anterior horn Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Inferior horn Third ventricle Lateral aperture Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal (a) Anterior view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18a Lateral ventricle Anterior horn Posterior horn Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Inferior horn Cerebral aqueduct Median aperture Fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Central canal (b) Left lateral view © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18b 4 Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus Corpus callosum 1 Interventricular foramen Third ventricle 3 Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Central canal of spinal cord (c) CSF circulation Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 2 1 CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle. 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord. 3 CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 4 CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18c Blood-Brain Barrier •Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body •Excludes many potentially harmful substances •Useless as a barrier against: • Fats and fat soluble molecules • Respiratory gases • Alcohol • Nicotine • Anesthesia © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Traumatic Brain Injuries • • Slight brain injury • No permanent brain damage • • Nervous tissue destruction occurs • Nervous tissue does not regenerate • • Swelling from the inflammatory response • May compress and kill brain tissue © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or • Result from a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain • Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies • Loss of some functions or death may result • Hemiplegia – One-sided paralysis • Aphasis – Damage to speech center in left hemisphere • -attack (TIA) – temporary brain ischemia (restriction of blood flow) • Warning signs for more serious CVAs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Disease • Progressive degenerative brain disease • Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age • Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons • Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinal Cord •Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra •Provides a two-way conduction pathway from the brain to and from the brain • pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord • is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical spinal nerves Cervical enlargement C8 Dura and arachnoid mater © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thoracic spinal nerves Figure 7.20 (1 of 2) Lumbar enlargement T12 Cauda equina End of meningeal coverings End of spinal cord Lumbar spinal nerves L5 S1 Sacral spinal nerves S5 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.20 (2 of 2) Spinal Cord Anatomy • matter is mostly cell bodies • Dorsal (posterior) horns • Anterior (ventral) horns • Gray matter surrounds the central canal • Central canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid matter — conduction tracts • • Dorsal, lateral, ventral columns © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Dorsal root ganglion White matter Central canal Dorsal (posterior) horn of gray matter Lateral horn of gray matter Spinal nerve Dorsal root of spinal nerve Ventral root of spinal nerve Ventral (anterior) horn of gray matter Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.21 Spinal Cord Anatomy • Meninges cover the spinal cord • Spinal nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae • root • Associated with the dorsal root ganglia— collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system • root • Contains axons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Interneuron carrying sensory information to cerebral cortex Integration (processing and interpretation of sensory input) occurs Cerebral cortex (gray matter) White matter Interneuron carrying response to motor neurons Thalamus Cerebrum Interneuron carrying response to motor neuron Brain stem Cell body of sensory neuron in sensory ganglion Interneuron carrying sensory information to cerebral cortex Nerve Skin Sensory receptors Cervical spinal cord Muscle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Motor output Motor neuron cell body White matter Gray matter Interneuron Figure 7.22