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Transcript
Unit 1 Study The Anatomy The study of body structure is ___________. study of body function is ___________. Physiology Types of Anatomy Study of body considering organization by areas. (Used by medical & dental schools) Regional Anatomy Study of body organization by system. (This is how we will study) Systemic Anatomy Study of external features to serve as landmarks to locate deeper structures. Surface Anatomy X-rays, ultrasound, MRI are examples of: Anatomic imaging System that consists of glands & works to regulate body functions Endocrine Body Systems Which organ system(s) involved in transporting or exchanging gases in the body? Endocrine Cardiovascular Respiratory Urinary Body Systems System that consists of skin, nails, hair, etc. Integumentary System that maintains tissue fluid balance, filters foreign material from blood, and fights disease Lymphatic System that provides support for the body Skeletal Levels of Organization Put these in order: Cell, organ, organelle, organ system, organism, chemical, tissue Basic A unit of all living things: Cell group of similar cells working together Tissues Negative feedback is important for maintaining what? Homeostasis Example Chronic hypertension Know of positive feedback: anatomic position: Which way does the individual face? Standing, sitting, or lying down? Which way are palms facing? Revisit directional terms: Superior/Inferior Anterior/Posterior Dorsal/Ventral Lateral/Medial Deep/Surface Distal/Proximal Cephalic/Caudal A cut across the long axis of an organ at an angle other than a right angle: Oblique The trunk of the body consists of (3 parts): Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Which abdominal quadrant would the pain of appendicitis be felt? Lower right The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by: Diaphragm In which cavity would the bladder & reproductive organs be found? Pelvic The mediastinum: Divides thoracic cavity in two parts Contains the heart What is the function of the fluid found between serous membranes? Reduce friction Mesentaries – Double layered serous membranes Anchor some organs to body wall Are not connected to retroperitoneal organs Are continuous with parietal & visceral peritoneum (all of these!!) The pericardial cavity contains: Pericardial fluid Heart The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, & bladder are called what type of organs? Retroperitoneal Organelles & Functions Nucleus Control center/brain of cell Nucleolus Makes ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Packaging center of cell Smooth ER Lipid synthesis Organelles & Functions Mitochondria Ribosomes Makes proteins Lysosomes Powerhouse – converts food to usable energy (ATP) Contains digestive enzymes Plasma Membrane Made of phospholipid bilayer, selectively permeable Rough ER Has ribosomes attached to it Cytoplasm Gel-like substance in which organelles suspended What type of cells would likely have a large number of mitochondria? Why? In humans, what is the normal number of chromosomes in body cells (somatic or autosomes)? Muscle Cells (energy needed for movement) 46 In human sex cells (gametes – egg & sperm)? 23 Phases of cell cycle – in order: Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Mitosis Chromosomes line up at center of cell: Period between cell division Telophase Spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down Interphase Chromosomes begin to unravel & resemble material from interphase Metaphase Prophase Chromosomes are pulled apart at centromere Anaphase All cells in the adult human body: Develop from a single fertilized egg All contain identical DNA Differentiation occurs during when: Some portions of DNA are inactive and others active Crossing over takes place in which phase of meiosis? Prophase I Meiosis results in how many & what type of cells? four Haploid (n) cells Mitosis cells? results in how many & what type of two Diploid (2n) cells Make sure to study: Cavities (what they contain or how divided): Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic Pericardial Pleural Study – Planes of section: Frontal Section Saggital Section Midsaggital Parasaggital Longitudinal Transverse Oblique
