Download 3. Final - Psychology

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First lecture for Final Test
GEORGE WILHELM HEGAL
In the 19th century, Freud is popular and there is a connection between him and German
psychology, but not with Wundt.
George Wilhelm Hegal: 1771 – 1821. Taught that the movement in the world must
be matched by a corresponding thought process that can understand change.
Hegal’s life is a reflection of his time. Sees warfare and internal strife in his time. He
said, “Truth is in the whole.” Very similar to Gestalt ideas and he came before them. He
said you must see everything from the beginning to understand everything. You can’t go
in the middle of a movie and understand it. You need logic to understand it, he was very
much into logic. Today, the news bites we see are useless, they don’t explain anything.
(From outline) The function of the mind is to find unity in diversity. To do this the
mind must reason using thesis, antithesis and synthesis. When we make major decisions
these rules come into mind.
• THESIS: List the reasons for
• ANTITHESIS: List the reasons against
• SYNTHESIS: Put the two together and weigh the arguments. Ex. It’s that time of the
year to decide what to do after graduation…
According to Hegal we must blame ourselves if things go bad.
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER and FRIEDRICK NIETZSCHE
Schopenhauer wrote a book called World as Will and Idea. He taught that the human
will is more important than the human mind since the will, through its choices
determines experience. He is pessimistic while Nietzsche is optimistic. If we give in to
the wills we’re going to have a sad life. It’s so easy to do. But why? Doesn’t it sound
good. I want this and that. But we’re going to end up wanting much more than we can
ever have. It’ll go on forever. After you get what you want there’s another problem.
People see your wealth and become envious of you and start to dislike you. They will
start to treat you differently.
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Today we have the phrase: Be careful what you wish for… We have to will to live.
Why is he pessimistic? Because an unchecked id will lead to unhappiness. Freud’s id – I
want this and that, all desire. The ego controls this as does the superego. The id is
powerful. Freud just changed the words around but kept Schopenhauer’s ideas. It’s an
awful world so Schopenhauer said it’s the will that does this. In his day, humans will
use the will for greed. There’s more industry growing in his time.
Schopenhauer became a victim of his own philosophy. He had a bad childhood. He
grew up to hate women because he hated his mother. His mother pushed him down the
stairs when he was 12 and never saw her again. When he grew up he courted women
and then left them out of revenge. Never married and he died young. Later he pushed an
old woman down the stairs when she made too much noise. He projected his mother on
her and she became his mother for a moment. Similar to Jack Nicholson’s character in
“As Good As It Gets”
Freud - When we get into interpersonal relationships we will relive past relationships
in similar ways.
NIETZSHE 1844 – 1900
“Will To Power”
Went crazy in life. In 1892 he had an accident and spent the last eight years of his
life in bed. His sister, Elizabeth, a fascist, gave his philosophy to the nazis. His last great
book was, Will To Power (also his famous quote), and claims what does not destroy me
makes me stronger. There’s a famous photo of Hitler standing next to a bust of
Nietzche. Power gives you freedom. You can use your will to do anything you want to
do. We could have a good life if we control our wills and do what you want to do. Ex.
Bill Gates. There are smarter people out there but Gates has will. Hitler was only a
corporal and wanted to be an artist but because of his will, he became powerful by the
1930’s. Socrates was his hero. Socrates had a strong will. When the Greeks told him not
to preach his teachings under the threat of death, Socrates said, “Go on, kill me.” So he
won the argument with his life. He had a strong will. We have to die sometime, why not
die nobly.
Nietzsche was an optimist though and said we could lead a good life if we can control
our wills. Another of his famous quotes was “God is Dead” He meant that humans,
using their wills are changing the planet. People are making miracles in technology so
we are taking control over our destinies. So the need for God is disappearing. He meant
this in a figurative way not literal. Also said, “What doesn’t kill us will, make us
stronger.”
If we can survive a crisis we can survive again. After WWI Germany was in total chaos
and this is what Hitler did to take control of the country by 1939. Nietzche would’ve
hated him. He said do not harm the Jews of Germany. But people still see him as part of
nazism.
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Continue with Nietsche…
He also came up with three parts of the mind: I, over I and id. Freud will change this
to the ego/I, over I/superego and id/id. Nietzsche had the repression idea first. When
questioned about the similarity to Nietzsche’s idea, Freud gave two answers. “Either
coincidence or Krytonesia – Memory problem, I’ve seen it somewhere but can’t place it
in my memory. Excuse for plagiarism. They never met but they shared the same woman
at one point in their lives. A Russian Countess, Ulusole, was a black widow, similar to
Schopenhuer. She studied with Freud and this is where he got his ideas from.
Nietzche said we should all try to become Supermen. An ethically moral person with
a strong will and mind and morality. Just like the comic book character. Hitler had those
qualities except morality. With no morality we have a monster.
Also came up with “herd instinct”: We follow the herd of morality.
CHARLES DARWIN 1809 - 1882
Those animals that adapt to their environment are the ones that survive. Americans,
the English and the Russians accept this. Germany doesn’t accept this. Humans are the
smartest because of a long evolutionary process. Evolution through Natural Selection.
He was born February 12, 1909. The exact day Lincoln was born. He came from a
wealthy family in England. He did bad in college and his father wanted to punish him
by making him become a priest. He didn’t want to do this. He hears of an opportunity to
sail with a British ship called the Beagle on a five year mission to explore the world.
They needed a biologist and he had a background in biology. He wants to go and his
uncle convinces his father to let him go. The mission is from 1831 to 1839. He noticed
so many different types of life forms exist, many that have never been seen before. He
was only 25 when he returned back. Money was never a problem. He is now a lord and
had a nice house but suffered illness after illness.
It could’ve been from his travels or from his anxiety over the church doctrine and his
own evolutionary theory. He marries his first cousin.
Thomas Malthus
In 1798, (200 years ago) Malthus publishes his book. He was a poor priest and read
about future utopias. But he didn’t buy into that nonsense. He worked in a church for
the poor and saw how they suffered. He pointed out the food supply grows
mathematically while the population grows geometrically. Still a problem today. Today
we have almost 6 billion people. The earth can physically hold 40 billion but it will be a
different world than from now. Other species must go. In the Middle East they’re
fighting for land.
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Back to Darwin:
Darwin takes hold of this idea and forms his own. He wanted to know how all these
species exist in the world. More species are born than will survive, what makes them
survive is their adaptation to the environment. These traits are passed on to their
progeny while those that don’t adapt die off. Darwin did say we share a common
heritage. Snails and insects can die easily so they must produce a lot to ultimately
survive. This is evolution through natural selection. W/O the checks and balances of war
and disease the human race will out populate itself to death.
It’s like nature is doing an experiment on us. What makes them survive? Who is the
strongest and who will adapt? All life forms are related to one another by DNA. Every
biological lifeform has DNA.
Darwin doesn’t want to get into any trouble with the church so he keeps quiet until a
man named Wallace comes up with the same idea. At first he wanted the book
published after his death but Wallace sent him a letter telling him of the same discovery.
So Darwin and Wallace jointly present their ideas. But Darwin publishes his book first.
It sells all 1200 copies when it comes out! Within 12 years of his publication he got
biologist to buy his idea by convincing this idea to young scientists. Not the old ones
whose views he could not change. He also published his theories to the public. Wallace
was a religious man and disagreed with Darwin on the point that we come from apes.
Wallace said we evolved separately. This interest in biology sparked research and by
the 1900’s chromosomes are found and then in the 1950’s DNA is discovered. The right
paradigm led to amazing discoveries.
A man named LeMark, a French biologist, had a wrong theory and said acquired
traits can be passed down to their offspring. If a person reads a lot then his kids will read
a lot. Wrong theory.
HERBERT SPENCER 1820 - 1903
Darwinism applied to psychology. Hebert Spencer said there should be social
Darwinism. How should countries make themselves successful. First person to take
Darwin’s theory into a social context. What should we do with the impoverished? Let
them die. They are a waste of taxpayers money. Our $ should be spent on more better
things to improve our society. Charities are okay but not tax money. Not a dead idea.
Very much alive today. We don’t view the poor today in a positive light. We vote to cut
welfare off today so maybe they won’t have kids. There are 600,000 kids in the L.A..
County Welfare System. 600,000 kids at risk for physical and mental problems. There’s
always a job for Social welfare in LA..
Spencer coined the term, “Survival of the fittest.” in 1852. The best policy for a
government to follow was a laissez-faire policy that provided for free competition
among its citizens. Taxes to the poor are a waste of money and only interfere with
evolutionary principles and inhibit a society on course to perfection. Was treated like a
hero by John D. Rockefeller. Darwin would have opposed this idea though.
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C. LLOYD MORGAN 1852 – 1936
A successor to Darwin. An animal experimenter; was criticized as being too
anthropomorphic. He said to explain phenomena in the simplest manner possible. Ex.
Behaviorism is just stimulus and response.
FRACIS GALTON 1822 – 1922
Began to measure intelligence by using sensory motor tests. Galton is Darwin’s half
cousin. Forerunner to mental intelligence. Believes we have an innate endowment – how
smart we are to survive. He measures individual differences in people. He picks several
traits in people and finds a normal bell curve for every trait. Created a number of tests to
test the senses. He found the universal distribution on the bell curve. He is the monster
who created the curve for us to study in statistics. Also came up with chi-sqaure
statistic. Then Pearson came along and tried to measure two variables. What is the
“Statistic regression toward the mean”? Galton thought intelligence was a matter of
sensory acuity because humans could know the world only through the senses. He
believed that intelligence is inherited. He believed in eugenics, the practice of selective
breeding. He called the improvement of living organism through selective breeding
eugenics and advocated its practice.
Galton also introduced fingerprinting to crimefighting. He noticed no two people
have the same fingerprints. Also came up with Autobiographical Memory. Strong
memories that make us who we are – major events in our lives. But how do we get to
them? By using a cue word. Saying one word and ask the subject what memory comes
to mind. Called the word – association test. Freud may or may not have been influenced
by Galton.
Galton’s word test has two aspects of Freud’s psychoanalysis. The use of free
association and the recognition of unconscious motivation.
It was Karl Pearson who devised a formula that produced a mathematical expression
of the strength of a relationship, called the coefficient of correlation (r)
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Darwinism changed the view of psychology with his new interpretation of evolution.
Evolution has been with us since the Greeks but Darwin comes up his with own idea.
Evolution works by natural selection: A key concept in his theory. Because more
members of a species are born than environmental resources can support, nature selects
those with characteristics most conducive to survival under the circumstances to
continue living and to reproduce.
Darwin defined fitness as an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce and in
terms of nothing eles. Fitness is then determined by an organism’s features and it’s
environment. Features that allow adequate adjustment to an organism’s environment are
called adaptive. You must adapt to your environment and then pass on those
characteristics to your progeny.
Those organism’s possessing adaptive features are fit; those that do not, are not.
Today we have economic, mental, and social survival. We have to adapt our actions
to fit the changing environment. If the environment never changed there would be no
need for evolution in the first place. The comet that hit the earth 70 million years ago
made such a mess of the earth that the dinosaurs could not adapt to the change so they
dies off. If the comet never hit the earth we would not be here today. Somehow the
mammals were able to adapt and we evolved from them.
Darwinism influenced the development of psychology in RUSSIA.
Ivan Sechenov 1829-1905 introduced the Russians to Darwin’s ideas. He said the
brain is so powerful it developed a special talent! The brain can learn and remember.
The brain must change in order for this to happen. Today’s we know that neurons grow
their dendrites to make connections with other cells. This is a special talent in mammals
especially humans. There was case where a man could not remember long term
memory. He lives in the year 1951 forever. Anything past 15 minutes he cannot
remember. He cannot adapt.
STABILITY AND PLASTICITY: For stability, some mechanisms in the brain
cannot change or eles we would not survive. And some processes have to change in
order to survive. Networking in the brain is a physical change with synaptic gaps. A
strong memory changes your brain, this helps for survival. Brain has to change in order
to survive. Emotions change too. The brain modifies by memory. We are born with all
the Neurons we will ever have but they can grow dendrites to make connections.
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Pavlov considered himself a PHYSIOLOGIST, NOT A PSYCHOLOGIST. He got
mad when people called him that. He stumbled onto the CS and UCS by chance when
the dogs were anticipating the food they were going to eat. The dogs knew they were
going to get food to eat. Pavlov had the Russian military fund his experiments. He had
an elaborate lab in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg. How does the brain learn using
classical conditioning is the 21st century question. He found out about C.C. by accident
when the dogs started to salivate.
If you live in a very stressful environment you will get sick. There is the potential for
that to occur. But some people can handle what life hits them with. Some people have a
strong resiliency and they survive a lot. Others cannot adapt and do not survive as others
do.
William James 1842-1910
“There is Free Will”
James starts American psychology with his book, Principles of Psychology. The first
paradigm for psychology is called Functionalism. He is also a philosopher. He studies
Darwinism and decides to make a connection between Darwinism and psychology. In
his Principles book you must allow psych. to operate using Darwinism. Use
consciousness for survival. James wanted to be painter but that didn’t work out.
Suffering from a personal crisis because he believed anything that happened to him
was predetermined because of his belief in a materialistic philosophy. He depression
was a matter of fate and his acceptance of Darwin’s view exacerbated the problem.
Then he read an essay on free will by Charles Renouvier. James said, “My first act of
free will be to believe in free will.” This change in his belief systems cured his
depression and became highly productive. “Will to believe.” – Humans are free to
believe in any set of ideas. He fought off his depression as best he could, when it came
back he tried to fight it. Comes and goes.
In 1878 James credits himself as starting the first psych. lab. Not as elaborate as
Wundt’s. Then Harvard becomes the first university to teach psychology.
James believed in PRAGMATISM. If an idea works it is valid (whatever works,
works.) He believed both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used to study
human behavior. He believed there are pluralistic questions to behavior, questions with
many answers so James believed in studying them all including paranormal phenomena.
This did not go well with his colleagues who felt he was giving them a bad name. For
religion he believed if it helps you survive then it is useful. We will believe in ideas
with pratical consequences. Ideas without any actions are useless. William James
became a radical empiricist. He said the American science of psychology should study
any phenomena that can occur to the human mind. No limits should be placed on what
to be studied. Should we study UFO abductions? YES, according to James. The
advantage to this idea is that we learn everything there is about humans.
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William James Consciousness idea
James opposed Wundt’s approach to pysch. He did not like the search for elements
by of psych. by experimentation as Wundt was doing. James believed in a stream of
consciousness. Consciousness is personal and cannot be generalized to others and it is
continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis. It is also constantly changing. Same
idea Heraclitus said about never stepping into the same river twice. Consciousness is
selective and finally it is functional. The purpose of consciousness is to aid the
individual in adapting to the environment.
G. Stanley Hall 1844-1924
APA co-founder and first president
One of James’ students was Hall. He studied under him at Harvard. In July 1892 he
forms the APA with 112 other psychologists. Then in December he elects himself the
first president, not James who is away. In 1894 James becomes the 3rd president.
We learn by acquaintance and direct studying. If you want to learn about tigers, We
can read textbook and go to lectures. This is acquaintance learning. Or we can go to
India and see the tigers themselves, this is direct learning. Direct learning is better.
Today we call this learning internships.
James said goodbye to psych. because he did not like the way it was going. It was
getting away from radical empiricism. Hall told James he was a nut for going to a
séance. Hall and James fought constantly over who started what. Hall said I started the
first lab in the APA journal but that was untrue. James wrote him a letter saying to
correct this error. Hall didn’t but the letter stayed in the archives for the record. When
James invited the French psychologist, Janet, the man who studied multiple
personalities, Hall had to top him. So Hall invited Freud over.
Edward Lee Thorndike
Studied animals. He created the puzzle box to see how cats can learn how to escape
a box and receive a reward. He developed psychology’s first major learning theory. His
LAW OF EFFECT stated that reward strengthened associations, whereas punishment
weakened them. If we do not learn to survive we do not survive. What behaviors do we
learn? The behaviors that produce satisfaction and we do not do actions that cause pain.
He originated the reinforcement concept.
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MARY WHITON CALKINS 1863-1930
Pioneering female, one of James’ students. She attended a women’s college called
Wellsley but was not allowed to go to Harvard because it was then an all male school.
She is the brightest among William James’ students so she was allowed as a guest
student. When Harvard finally offered her the Ph.D. she refused it. In 1818 she became
the president for APA. She also became president for the American Philosophy
Association. From the start there have been 130,000 members of the APA. 80% of them
are still alive.
While working for Munsterberg she developed the still widely used paired associate
technique to study the influence of frequency, recency and vividness on memory. She
also did pioneering research on short term memory.
Americans are always interested in practicality unlike Wundt. They studied with him
but did not use his methods. In 1920 his American students got together to celebrate
him. They gave him credit for one thing only: For starting psychology as a lab science.
JAMES ANGEL 1869-1949
Functionalism: Under the influence of Darwin, the school of functionalism stressed the
role of consciousness and behavior in adapting to the environment.
Searching for the How and WHY in Behavior (on Final)
V. Functionalism (Handout)
Functional psychologist. He stated that functional psychology was interested in
mental operations rather than conscious elements. But even mental operations in
isolation were of little interest. Mental processes mediated between the needs of the
organism and the environment. Mental functions helped the organism to survive. There
is an emphasis on practicality. Such as in I/O psychology and forensic psychology.
Mind and body could not be separated; they acted as a unit in an organism’s struggle for
survival. Watson was a student of Angel.
Functionalism became a bastard psychology. Moving to biology; but today biology
and psychology really like each other. What people have to deal with is important,
nothing post mortem is important.
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JOHN WATSON
1878-1958
How do you study a person’s mind? You can’t. Cannot look at the mind. You can only
look at the behavior of humans. So enter John Watson. John Watson changed
Functionalism into Behaviorism. Watson was always in trouble as a youth. He did not
like being raised as a southern Baptist. But he was smart and went to college at age 15.
Got his Ph.D. at age 25. Got a lucky break when a professor decided to retire and
Watson took the job. He edits the Psychological Review in 1912.
In 1913 he submits his view to the journal. “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.”
This lecture is usually taken as the formal founding of behaviorism. In 1919 he does the
little Albert experiment. He puts a gong above a baby’s head while introducing a neutral
stimulus, a white mouse. Soon the baby becomes scared of the rat because of the loud
noise after only 4 tries. But the mother found out and took the baby away before Watson
could recondition him to not fear the rat.
Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner conducted this experiment. They soon fell
in love and Watson kept all the love letters she wrote. His wife Mary Ikes, grandmother
of Mariette Hartley, finds out and sues for divorce. The scandal forces Watson to resign
from John Hopkins. Broke, he takes up a job in advertising at the J. Walter Thompson
Advertising Company and becomes highly successful. By 1930, Watson was earning
$70,000 a year. He used market research and concluded sales could be influenced by the
manipulation of the images associated with brand names. He then became vice president
of the William Esty Advertising Company.
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Continue With John Watson
His good contribution to psychology was Methodological Behaviorism. Remove the
“why” question from the causes and concentrate on the how, to understand behavior.
We should be able to predict and control behavior by using physiological,
environmental and experiential causes. This is consistent with Newtonian views of
science. He removed the teleological blur from Functionalism.
Example for the experiential cause: Your own personal experiences. Taking tests
should help you do better on future tests. Environmental cause: People fiddling
beside you during a test can affect your behavior. Physiological cause: People get
nervous before taking a test. These questions ask us the HOW, the Efficient cause.
He’s not going to ask why they are taking the test, just how they are taking it.
Watson got rid of the reinforcement concept from Thorndike. Skinner will bring it
back.
Watson’s BAD contribution to psychology was Philosophical Behaviorism. Do not
study the mind. We do not have a conscious in the first place; it does not exist. Do
not do any brain research because that will lead to the mind again. So we should only
study behavior and activity. Wundt, James, Tichner and Angel all studied
consciousness, Watson changes that.
Watson left psychology in 1920 to go to New York to be in advertising.
Contributions from Physics and Philosophy
Behaviorism adopted learning to be the area of research. From 1930 to 1960,
Skinner, Tolman and Hull. First movement comes from PHYSICS. In 1928 a physicist
from Harvard named, Bridgeman, proposed that researchers should include in their
methodologies specifications of the measurement procedures used to quantify concepts.
A concept is to be defined by the methods of measurement.
The operational definition insures the continuation of objectivity in
physics research. His text, “The Logic of Modern Physics” was for
physicists, not for psychology. A concept is synonymous with its methods of
measure. We first measure the variables.
Bridgeman gave us the operational definitions. He argued that we should use them.
Harvard psychologists and physicists began to talk. We can replicate experiments if we
know these operational definitions. The school of Behaviorism fit perfectly into this
idea. Not Functionalism; we cannot give the mind an operational definition. In Psych.
202, we had to measure the independent variable and the dependent variable.
The Vienna Circle philosophers put operationalism at the level of theory. A theory has
to be made so we can replicate it. This goes for all science. If it’s fuzzy, we cannot
replicate it, so we use operational definitions. Freud would not fit into this idea of
operational definitions. His theories are too vague and impossible to understand, they’re
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not precise. With Behaviorism, we can test it. Called Logical Postivism. We also can
never have a theory of consciousness sine we cannot measure or see it.
Survival is the key in functionalism (influenced by Darwinism). Just get rid of the
Why and you have behaviorism. Operational definition from physics, makes our
experiments reliable and Logical Positivism from philosophy, makes our theories
testable.
Watson had a bias against empiricism. Empiricists say learning is the acquisition of
knowledge through experience. Behaviorists will substitute knowledge for behavior. He
also did not like inheritance factors.
Thorndike, a functional psychologist, said we change our behavior by Instrumental
Conditioning. He did the experiment with the cat escaping from a box. The other
learning model is classical conditioning.
Edward Tolman
Behavior is purposive. Supported cognitive behaviorism. Behavior is not random.
The rats had found different pathways to their goal. Behavior is for a purpose but this is
getting too close to the final cause. His was an unpopular view for the behaviorists. Can
we get an operational definition of ‘purpose’? We have in our minds, cognitive maps.
Clark Hull
Hull has an engineering background. Took Theory to its’ highest level. He said we have
functions, not purpose. Humans can do a lot of things called functions. We should treat
ourselves as mechanical devices. In psych. 302, we learn his equation for learning:
E=H*D*K.
E is behavior (evoked potential), H is habit/learning, D is drive/need and K is
reinforcement. We need all three for behavior. The theory works well for rats. The K is
names after Kenneth Spencer who produced 97 PH.d’s. Change K value to change
behavior.
Hull said learning is permanent. The H value can only go up. Drive can go up or
down. Do organisms learn in non-need conditions? NO. The Need comes first; learning
is the bridge. A rat that is not hungry will not bar press for food pellets. The equations
are multiplied because if one item is removed there will be no learning, learning will
equal zero. Hull brings behaviorism back into Functionalism. Hull perfects Theory for
the Behaviorists.
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B.F. Skinner 1904 - 1990
Skinner is the most popular behaviorist. He sold the idea to the public. Carl Rogers
was friends with Skinner. They did debate shows together and got rich. Skinner studied
English and wanted to be a playwright. He read an H.G. Wells book on Pavlov and it
changed his life. He goes to Harvard and writes a book reinforcement. Wrote “The
behavior of organisms”. In 1930 the book comes out.
Skinner called himself a radical behaviorist. He meant it is to be done w/o theories.
We just need to know the reinforcements. No theories should be involved. Skinner gave
us OPERANT CONDITIONING.
An example is working on commission to promote sales activity. In 1955 Skinner got
depressed. To get out of it he wrote a novel in the dialogue style of Plato about a utopian
society. The skeptics and optimist talk it over. Burrhus were the skeptics and Frederics
were the optimists; B.F. Skinner was talking to himself. Skinner said if we work too
hard society will tax us. He tried to write about quality reinforcement. The book is a
bestseller and made him happy again. In 1990 he accepted an award for his work and
two weeks later he died of leukemia. He pulled himself out of his debilitating condition
one more time to be at the ceremony.
Operant behavior is behavior that is emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a
known stimulus.
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Cognitive psychology comes from the Behaviorists. In 1950 Steven Koch said
Behaviorism has an internal crisis and external crisis. Internal crisis was that it could
never get another theory since 1950, since Hull’s equations in 1943. We have static
growth. We have taken behaviorism as far as we can go. The external crisis was the
findings from WWII. Things that cannot be explained by behaviorist psychology. WWII
was a turning point. How do we explain the behavior of traumatized soldiers?
Behaviorist can’t.
Society changed to with women in the workforce. Now the brain comes back into the
scene again. Watson declared the brain off limits because of his bias against studying
the conscious. Then in 1951 a patient named H.M., still alive, had a lobotomy at age 27.
He suffered from severe epilepsy and had a lobotomy. He had his bilateral temporal
lobes removed and that destroyed his hippocampus. He lost his ability to store long term
memory. He cannot remember past four hours. He only remembers 1951. He knows you
for four hours then forgets you. Shook up the behaviorists.
1964: Psychobiology comes about by James MsGaugh, an ex-behaviorist, at UCI.
They study the physiology of the brain to study behavior. They especially study
memory and perception.
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Cognitive psychology says we are thinking machines. The analogy is the human
mind is like a computer. We are information processors, similar to computers.
Computers process and store information. Humans store, retrieve and unlike computers,
we change information.
In 1960 Harvard opens up the center for cognitive studies by George Miller. In 1964
the UCI lab opens up. Soul is still absent from this theory. Their paradigm is for the
PLANS AND STRUCURE FOR BEHAVIOR. We plan things. We are aware of goals
before we engage in them. The authors are Miller, Galanter and Pribram Carl.
Experience is the software.
Cognitive Dissonance: Changing beliefs to relieve tension for competing beliefs. If
someone you trust tells you your best friend is a jerk, how do you react. This comes
from social psychology.
Cognitive psych. and the behaviorist do not get along. Skinner wrote nasty articles
on the cognitive psychologists. New technology comes about in WWII. The Germans
had the cruise missile and the jet in 1944. The Saturn Rocket that took Americans to the
moon was from German technology. So they celebrated our landing on the moon.
Another analogy is that DNA, an organic molecule, is the blueprint information for
life; it has the blueprint for how all species develop. David Bohm said everything is held
together by information. Each species has its own way of learning. The behaviorists said
what works for rats works for humans. Not quite.
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Final Lecture before Final
Clinical psychology has enjoyed remarkable success. It was started by Lightner
Witmar (1867 – 1956) at the University of Pennsylvania. He gets a call to help kids who
have learning problems. He evaluates them by looking at their emotional life. In 1896 he
starts this clinic to look at these kids. If your emotional life is messed up then the rest of
your life is messed up; you’re oblivious to everything because of your state. So clinical
psychology started with children (on Final). Great need for school psychologists now.
Gonna have to interact with the kids’ parents and tell them their kids cannot learn. Cal
State Long Beach has this program.
He learned psychology from Wundt and came back to the states but did not do what
he was taught. WWII had a big impact on clinical psychology. Roosevelt started the
“New Deal” program. One provision was to counsel people. But academic schools were
not producing qualified psychologists. So Regan approved to train clinical
psychologists. Nick Cumming and Regan formed the California School of Professional
Psychologists. Regan’s daughter in law is a graduate from this school.
1980’s: The APA is located in Washington, D.C. This is so they can lobby together
to get their voices heard. There was an attempt to redo their charter; clinical
psychologists voted a yes on this measure but the other schools of psychology said no.
The charter would allow them to have more say in managed care. So they split from the
APA and formed their own group. They are the hardest people to work with.
The APS: American Psychological Society. The APA and the APS, both located in
Washington, are now two separate groups. This may be bad for psychology. Now the
APA is running out of cash. They make their money selling articles to journals. But the
internet came about and people are reading papers off the computer instead of buying
them. So now the APA makes new members sign a paper not to sell articles to internet
sites. If you get caught, they expel you for an ethical violation. The internet really gets
into your private life because you leave a trace for others to see.
Internet has made a big impression on science. Scientists can now talk and share
information over the computer. How do you find a job? You have to network. You have
to get to know your teachers well.
Clinton was gonna sign a new National Health Plan that made companies pay for
psychological needs of their workers. Business said no way. It’s not our fault that you
had a screwed up childhood. Before 1970, we had to pay on our own for our health
needs, so we’ve been pretty lucky today. Clinton’s plan had a provision for psychology.
The APA wanted this but it did not pass.
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FREUD 1856-1939
G. Stanley Hall invited Freud and Jung for a visit to the states. Freud gives five
lectures on psychoanalyses at Clark University, a popular school for psychology. Jung
and Freud are still friends at this time. They analyzed each other dreams. Jung said he
killed his dad in his dreams. Jung is more mystical and their friendship begins to sour.
Freud did not like America. At Niagara Falls someone said, “Make way for the old
man.”
Anna O. Case. A hysterical woman who had nervous breakdowns. She had amnesia
from her father’s death. Then she remembered and there was an emotional release. How
do we know if a memory is important? The memory is accompanied by emotion.
The stored emotion that is attached to the memory is called CATHEXIS. When we
relive the memory and express it, that is called CATHARSIS.
He began work on a book called “Project for a Scientific Psychology” in 1895. The
purpose of the book was to explain psychological phenomena in purely neurophysical
terms. However there was not enough information back then to study the brain so he
turned to psychoanalysis. Freud borrowed a lot from Nietche. But Freud did not refer to
him after he got famous in 1918.
In his book “Civilization” he said we are living in a society where it makes everyone
nuts. Too many rules to follow to manage your life with all these responsibilities. Like
the guy in “Falling Down”.
Repression: We hold back memories. Holding back of traumatic memories in the
unconscious mind because pondering them in the conscious mind would cause anxiety.
The Seduction theory Freud said all his patients were sexually molested as children
and that was the basis for their hysteria in adulthood. So now he says some of his
patients think someone they know had attacked them when they really didn’t. The basis
for this neuroses was the repression of sexual thoughts, whether the thoughts were real
or imagined. Today we call these false memories. Freud got rid of this theory.
DREAMS
He said dreams were a wish fulfillment. The id come to life in dreams and satisfies
the id’s needs. The id wants and wants. But most dreams are anxiety ridden, so why is
this the case. Traumatic experiences may still be part of wish fulfillment, we have to
face up to bad experiences.
Infants sleep most of the time in REM sleep; the dream stage. So maybe it is part of
the brain development process. The brain is active when you are dreaming.
Freud’s idea is that when we’re adults REM might mean we are changing our
memory of the days events.
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Gardner Murphy
10 predictions for the future of psychology
1. Brain study will become more important. It will become the major area of study.
2. Internal Scanning: Humans will learn this capability. Learning how to interpret
information from our body. Can we anticipate becoming ill? There is interest in this
area. Paying attention to ourselves. Psychoneuroimmunolgy. The thalamus and the
bone marrow are connected. Mental health does affect your physical health.
Neuropeptides have receptor sites on every cell in the body.
3. Study unconsciousness.
4. Biofeedback will become important. We control our bodies through this.
5. Nameless states, ex. false memories, low grade depression are new to the DSMIV. In
winter some people just get sad, no one to share the spirit of Xmas with.
6. Psychology will become interested in parapsychology – Wrong
7. We will become more interested in behavioral genetics.
8. Have to develop cultural awareness in psychology. Yes.
9. We will develop new methods for diagnosing mental illness. MRI and CAT scans.
10. Psychology of the future will have to know much more than they do in the 1970’s.
Yes.
These predictions look like we are turning towards radical empiricism
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