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Brief Response
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Compare Points of View The table compares the city-states of Sparta
and Athens as they existed around the mid-400s B.C. How would a
Spartan describe the ideal citizen? How would an Athenian describe
the ideal citizen? What differences in the status of women do you
observe?
Chart
Discussion: sample
A Spartan might describe an ideal citizen as disciplined, physically fit,
simple, and highly skilled in war.
An Athenian might describe an ideal citizen as trained in the arts and
sciences, well-rounded, and prepared for both peace and war.
Spartan women enjoyed a considerably greater amount of personal
freedom than women in Athens.
Spartan women were expected to be strong and independent, and they
received much the same education as men.
CA SSS 10.1
• 10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient
Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity
to the development of Western political thought.
• Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and
Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the
individual.
• Trace the development of the Western political ideas of the rule of
law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections from Plato's
Republic and Aristotle's Politics.
• Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution on political systems
in the contemporary world.
Ancient Rome
5th century BCE to the 5th century CE
(go to Google Earth)
Lecture/Discussion
• Material from your reading
Ancient Roma
• Rome’s two phases, both militaristic:
– Republic
– Empire
– Do you remember what militaristic means?
EC (2)
• Depends on war to solve its national and
international problems
• Is always ready for war.
The Republic
Republic:
• A government run by members of the population who are
allowed to vote in it and lead it.
• Consul:
• In peacetime, Rome was run by two leaders,
– selected by the legislature.
• EC: The Roman legislature was called
• the Senate.
• the only social class allowed to participate in the Senate
were the Patricians (rich and powerful landowners)
The Roman Republic
• Dictator:
• A single, all-powerful ruler of Rome,
selected by the Senate during wartime.
• Why? (4)
– One unchallenged leader could make quick
and effective decisions needed to win a war
REVIEW
• Which concept is a concept from classical
Athens that is central to Western political
thought today?
A.Individuals should fight against nature and
society to achieve greatness.
B.Individual achievement, dignity, and worth are of
great importance
C.Individual recognition impedes societal progress.
D.Individuals play an insignificant role in shaping
ideas, society, and the state.
The Roman Republic
• Two hundred years into it, ordinary Roman citizens,
called (EC)
• Plebeians
– rose up demanding their rights.
– One important reform was ….
• Tribunes:
– To protect the nation, the Senate granted the Plebeians dialogue
and some power through several tribunes.
• Spoke for the Plebeians in the Senate.
• If the Senate passed legislation that was not good for the Plebeians, the
Tribunes had the power to…..
– Veto:
– stop a law from taking effect
Roman Expansion
• Rome made small gains over time in Italy.
• Soon it was in conflict for control of the
Mediterranean Sea with
– Carthage
– Rome built giant, well-trained, professional,
citizen-armies
– War on the sea made a powerful navy
necessary.
Roman practices the Western
World still uses today
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Trial by jury of peers
Women’s rights
International law
Innocent until proven guilty
Flexible, elastic contracts
Rules of evidence
Professional lawyers
Appeals courts
Civil law
Republican government
Move to Empire
• By the 1st century BCE, however, Roman
republican government was weakening.
– Several generals and powerful men raised
armies to support their takeovers of the
Senate.
• Each believed or claimed he was defending Rome
from corruption…..
– The most successful of these dictators was
Julius Caesar:
• His dictatorship….
– keeps the legal system intact
– Has only one ruler,
– Compels the Senate to agree with him,
always.
Futile Assassination
• After a few years, group of Senators
conspired and killed Julius Caesar in the
Senate chamber…..
– One was Caesar’s good friend, Marcus
Juniuis Brutus
But, seriously: The Empire
• After his assassination, in 44 BCE,
Caesar’s nephew, Octavian, led an army
to hunt down the “traitors” who murdered
his uncle.
• the Roman Civil War began…..
Octavian
• He changed his name to
• Augustus Caesar
• defeated the Republicans and continued
Caesar’s government,
• Rome now had a dictatorial monarch and
controlled many foreign lands
– It is therefore called the (EC).
– “Roman Empire”
The Empire
EC: Two law systems
• _______________ was based on the
Twelve Tables, original laws for Roman
citizens.
– Civil Law
• As Rome expanded, they needed fair and
natural laws for all the new foreign
populations. It is called the ___________
– Law of Nations.
EC: Fall of Western Rome,
late 5th century CE
• Serfdom increased (indebted Romans lost their
freedom)
• Stagnant society (people were bored, economy
lagged)
• Taxes unpaid (weak government collected
unfairly)
• Empire overextended (expenses too high,
rebellions increased)
• No law of succession (assassinations frequent)
• Population decline (lead poisoning, disease,
choice)
Fall of Western Rome,
late 5th century BCE (cont’d)
• Land uncultivated (farmers bankrupt)
• Mercenary army (non-citizens, foreigners)
• Greed and corruption (government run by
and favored the rich (including
businessmen))
• Break up of family life
• Barbarian invasions and destruction
(Goths and Huns)
Eastern Rome survives.
• Eastern Rome continued under the strong,
devout leader,
– Justinian:
• Eastern Rome was centered in Greece.
– Greek culture, mixed with Roman, dominated
it.
• The main language was Greek, not Latin.
• It was soon renamed EC
– The Byzantine Empire/Byzantium
EC: Republican thinking (many borrowed from
Greece) affecting Modern Western Peoples today
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Trial by jury of peers
Women’s rights
International law
Innocent until proven guilty
Flexible, elastic contracts
Rules of evidence
Professional lawyers
Appeals courts
Civil law
Republican government
What ‘ave the Romans done for Us?
• PPT, answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
Homework answers/notes
• Worksheet, handout.
Why Ancient Rome?
• Rome used many Greek ideas
• Romans developed the most powerful empire on
Earth, at the time, spreading Western Civilization
to many cultures.
• Key Roman ideas used by Western nations
today included:
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Republic
Justice/due process of law/Innocent until proven guilty
Contract law
Women’s rights
Standards Check, p. 21
• Etruscans (1)
• Tyranny (king)
• Romans (Republic (3)
– the “Senate” (a
legislature).
• Common people gained
more participation,
later.
– Two consuls held
limited power to run
the government
Dictators
• In the Republic, dictators were expected to
give up their power when the war was
over.
• This was modeled by (EC)
– Cincinnatus.
• He led Rome to victory and returned to his farms to
be an ordinary Patrician, immediately
p. 22, Rome's Republican Government
• 1
• Tribunes could veto the acts of the Senate;
• Assemblies accepted or rejected the laws of the
Senate;
• Censors could expel people from the Senate
• 2
• Tribunes, Assemblies, and the Laws of the
Twelve Tables.
EC: Roman Expansion
• Why did Rome become hard for the Senate to
control by 50 BCE?
– Roman territory covered most of Europe, West Asia,
and North Africa.
– Rome had to deal with many different cultures
– Rome had to deal with separatism (people not
wanting to belong to Rome)
– The Senate was becoming more corrupt, serving the
needs of themselves and friends, stealing funds
– Some Romans saw a need for a stronger, more
controlling government in Rome.
p. 24, Map Skills
• 2.
– As far north as Britain
• 3
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Public works programs to employ jobless (improve infrastructure)
Gave public land to the poor
Granted citizenship to many people
Cities and provinces given much self-government by the
watchful emperor.
– Trade and travel protected by the Roman military and promoted
by the vast road system.
Standards Check, p. 25,
• Question:
• Territorial expansion created strains within Roman
society
• Power struggle between the Senate and government
reformers
– Civil war
• Rise of military interventions to control riots
– Julius Caesar
• Octavian (Augustus) takes complete control of Rome
– Becomes emperor
The Empire
• For the next two hundred years, the
Empire was strong and prosperous.
• Since Peace, law, and order for most of
the known Western world is made possible
by Rome, the period is called the (EC)
– “Pax Romana”
EC Brief Review:
• List the Roman practices the Western
World still uses today
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Trial by jury of peers
Women’s rights
International law
Innocent until proven guilty
Flexible, elastic contracts
Rules of evidence
Professional lawyers
Appeals courts
Civil law
Republican government
Greek Orthodox Christianity
• Rome had become Christian
– The Byzantine Greeks were learned, devout
followers of Jesus, (Iesu (Latin); Y’Shua
(Hebrew)).
• The called the book combining the religious
teachings of the Hebrews and the early followers
of Jesus the (EC) ___________ (Greek for “book”)
• Biblos (Bible)
• They gave Jesus the title (EC) ____________
– Christos (Greek for “anointed one”)
The Byzantine Empire
• The Eastern Roman empire survived the fall of Rome.
• Byzantium is important to Western culture for two
reasons:
– Preserved and organized (codified) Roman Law.
• (Justinian Code): used in later Western law.
– Preserved and organized the Jewish and Christian teachings…..
• Center of the Eastern Orthodox Church
• Where the Bible (Biblos) was rewritten from Aramaic (form of
Hebrew) to Greek, and, later, Latin.
• Unfortunately, later Byzantine rulers were less capable
and the empire fell to Turks by the 1500s.
Brief Response
• Name the two systems of law that
developed during the rise of the Roman
republic and compare them. Explain why
the Romans developed the second
system.