Download Brain-Behavior Network Central Nervous System Cerebral

30.10.2012
Brain-Behavior Network
• Sensory information comes into—and
decisions come out of—the central nervous
system (CNS)
• The nerves outside the CNS are called the
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic
Brain
Autonomic
Spinal cord
Sympathetic
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Parasympathetic
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Central Nervous System
Cerebral Cortex
• The forebrain is the most developed area of
the human brain, giving us our advanced
intellectual abilities
• The CNS, particularly
the brain, is divided
into systems based on
location and function
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Gray
matter
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As the cortex increases during evolution
folds and wrinkles appeared
Ridges are called Gyri
Clefts are called Fissures or Sulci
(shallow ones)
◦ To fit the cortical tissue into skull
(From
http://commons.
wikimedia.org/wi
ki/File:Human_br
ain_frontal_%28
coronal%29_sect
ion.JPG)
Cerebral Cortex (Coronal Section)
Gyrus and Sulcus
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(from
http://serendi
p.brynmawr.e
du/bb/kinser/
Home1.html)
Human Brain
(from
http://serendi
p.brynmawr.e
du/bb/kinser/
Home1.html)
Monkey Brain
Anatomy of the human brain is similar to the
brain of rat or monkey
There are no neurons that are unique to
humans
The relative size of the human brain is the
biggest in all mammals
◦ The relative surface area of cerebral cortex of
human brain far exceeds that of other mammals
(from
http://serendi
p.brynmawr.e
du/bb/kinser/
Home1.html)
Rat Brain
Human brain continues to develop after birth
◦ The rate of growth after birth is higher humans
compared to monkeys
Human vs. Animal Brains
Cerebral Cortex
• Consists of two cerebral hemispheres
corrected by the corpus collosum which
allows communication between them
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Frontal Lobes
• Assist in motor function, language, memory
• Majority of the
forebrain is composed
of the cerebral cortex
• Oversee and organize most other brain
functions (executive functioning)
• Can be divided into four
lobes, each associated
with a different function
• The prefrontal cortex is responsible for
thinking, planning, and language
• The body is mapped onto the motor cortex
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.13 Selected Areas of the Cerebral Cortex. The prefrontal cortex controls various aspects of behavior and
personality. Broca’s area is vital for the formation of speech, and Wernicke’s area interprets spoken and written
language. Other cortical areas include the motor cortex, primary sensory areas, and association areas.
Psychology: from inquiry to understanding, Second Edition
Scott O. Lilienfeld • Steven Jay Lynn • Laura L. Namy • Nancy J. Woolf
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Parietal Lobe
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Parietal Lobe
• Specialized for touch and perception
• Contains the somatosensory cortex, which is
sensitive to pressure, pain, and temperature
• Communicates information to the motor
cortex every time we reach, grasp, or move
our eyes
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Temporal Lobe
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Temporal Lobe
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Figure 3.13 Selected Areas of the Cerebral Cortex. The prefrontal cortex controls various aspects of behavior and
personality. Broca’s area is vital for the formation of speech, and Wernicke’s area interprets spoken and written
language. Other cortical areas include the motor cortex, primary sensory areas, and association areas.
• It plays a role in hearing, understanding
language, and storing autobiographical
memories
• Contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke’s
area, responsible for speech comprehension
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology: from inquiry to understanding, Second Edition
Scott O. Lilienfeld • Steven Jay Lynn • Laura L. Namy • Nancy J. Woolf
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Video
Occipital Lobe
• MultiMedia Library
• Explore
– Visual Cortex
• http://www.mathxl.com/info/mmlib.aspx?boo
kcode=Lilienfeld2e
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Cortical Hierarchies
Figure 3.13 Selected Areas of the Cerebral Cortex. The prefrontal cortex controls various aspects of behavior and
personality. Broca’s area is vital for the formation of speech, and Wernicke’s area interprets spoken and written
language. Other cortical areas include the motor cortex, primary sensory areas, and association areas.
• When sensory information enters the brain, it
first goes to that sense’s primary sensory
cortex, then to the association cortex
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basal Ganglia
• Forebrain structure that
helps control
movement
• Allows us to perform
movements to obtain
rewards and
reinforcement
• Damange can
contribute to
Parkinson’s disease
Psychology: from inquiry to understanding, Second Edition
Scott O. Lilienfeld • Steven Jay Lynn • Laura L. Namy • Nancy J. Woolf
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Limbic System
• The emotional center of the brain that also
has a role in smell, motivation, and memory
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Amygdala
• Hippocampus
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Spinal Cord
• The thick bundle of nerves that conveys
signals between the brain and the body
• Sensory nerves carry information from body to
the brain, motor nerves carry information
from brain to the rest of the body
• Also contains interneurons, which allow
reflexes to happen
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 3.16 The Spinal Reflex. We detect even small amounts of muscle stretch and compensate by contraction. In
this way we can maintain balance or keep from losing our grip.
Video
• MultiMedia Library
• Explore
– The Nerve Impulse and Afferent and Efferent
Neurons
• http://www.mathxl.com/info/mmlib.aspx?boo
kcode=Lilienfeld2e
Psychology: from inquiry to understanding, Second Edition
Scott O. Lilienfeld • Steven Jay Lynn • Laura L. Namy • Nancy J. Woolf
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Video
• Episode 3 Biological Psychology
• Basics : How the Brain Works, Part 2
• http://visual.pearsoncmg.com/mypsychlab/ep
isode03/web_index.html?clip=7&tab=tab0
Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic
Brain
Sympathetic
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Autonomic
Spinal cord
Parasympathetic
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
• Somatic nervous system conveys information
between the CNS and the body, controlling
and coordinating voluntary movement
• Sympathetic division is engaged during a crisis
or after actions requiring fight or flight
• Autonomic nervous system controls the
involuntary actions of our internal organs and
glands; has two divisions
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Parasympathetic division controls rest and
digestion
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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If this rhinoceros suddenly charged at the three people on this African safari, which branch of their autonomic nervous
systems would (we hope!) become activated?
Psychology: from inquiry to understanding, Second Edition
Scott O. Lilienfeld • Steven Jay Lynn • Laura L. Namy • Nancy J. Woolf
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Answer: Sympathetic.
Psychology: from inquiry to understanding, Second Edition
Scott O. Lilienfeld • Steven Jay Lynn • Laura L. Namy • Nancy J. Woolf
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
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