Download AP Biology Molecular Genetics Unit

AP Biology Molecular Genetics Unit
Chapter 16 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
You must know:
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The structure of DNA.
The knowledge about DNA gained from the work of Griffith; Avery, Macleod, and
McCarty; Hershey and Chase; Wilkins and Franklin; and Watson and Crick.
Replication is semiconservative and occurs 5’ to 3’.
The roles of DNA polymerase, ligase, helicase, and topoisomerase in replication.
The general differences between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.
How DNA packaging can affect gene expression.
16-1 DNA is the genetic material.
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoERVSWKmGk
16-2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair.
 Be able to use a model to illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission
between generations. Know the roles of the enzymes involved in DNA replication.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBmO_rmXxIw
16-3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9HPNwXd9fk
Chapter 17 - Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
You must know:
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How RNA and DNA are similar and different, and how this defines their roles.
The differences between replication, transcription, and translation and the role of DNA
and RNA in each process.
How eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription.
How genetic material is translated into polypeptides.
How mutations can change the amino acid sequence of a protein and be able to predict how
a mutation can result in changes in gene expression.
This is the central chapter for molecular genetics. It is one of the top five chapters you must know
to perform well on the AP Exam.
Be sure you know the difference between replication (DNA to DNA), transcription (DNA to
RNA), and translation (RNA to protein). In essay questions that use these terms, often 20% of the
students confuse the processes.
17-1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_44093&feature=iv&src_vid=
8kK2zwjRV0M&v=itsb2SqR-R0
17-2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA.
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3b9ArupXZg
17-3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nz5rbvt64kE
17-4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JuRGuNEvtA
17-5 Mutations of one of a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function.
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDbK0cxKKsk
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYOK-yzUWSI
Chapter 18 - Regulation of Gene Expression
You must know:
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Genes can be activated by inducer molecules, or they can be inhibited by the presence of a
repressor as they interact with regulatory proteins or sequences.
A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a regulatory protein such as a
repressor protein.
How the components of an operon function to regulate gene expression in both repressible
and inducible operons.
How positive and negative control function in gene expression.
The impact of DNA methylation and histone acetylation on gene expression.
How timing and coordination of specific events are regulated in normal development,
including pattern formation and induction.
The role of micro-RNAs in control of cellular functions.
The role of gene regulation in embryonic development and cancer.
18-1 Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription.
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Operon
Promoter
Genes of the operon
Repressible operon
Corepressor
Inducible operon
www.youtube.com/watch?v=10YWgqmAEsQ
18-2 Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
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Differential gene expression
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DNA Methylation
Epigenetic inheritance
Transcription initiation complex
Enhancer regions
Activators
www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9a-ru2ES6Y
The control of gene expression is an extremely important topic, so spend enough time to
understand different way genes are controlled in both prokaryotes (with operons) and eukaryotes.
Any factor that changes gene expression will affect cells, the organism, and populations.
18-3 Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK-OGB1_ELE
18-4 A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular
organism.
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Cell division
Cell differentiation
Morphogenesis
Cytoplasmic determinants
Cell-cell signals
Determination
Pattern formation
Homeotic genes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k4TFJe-ytk (3:51-6:34)
(Need better video for this one)
18-5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control.
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Oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes
Cancer
Tumor-suppressor genes
p53 gene
Apoptosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRPRmRAOCog
Intercellular and intracellular signals mediate gene expression, and this underlies many diverse
processes including cancer, development in embryo, seed germination, and fruit ripening, and
morphological changes such as that seen in yeast cells when mating pheromones are present. The
importance of this topic to your understanding of biology cannot be overstated.
Chapter 19 - Viruses
You must know:
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The components of a virus.
The differences between lytic and lysogenic cycles.
How viruses can introduce genetic variation into host organisms.
Mechanisms that introduce genetic variation into viral populations.
19-1 A Virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
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Capsid
The genetic material
Viral envelopes
Bacteriophages
Phages
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8oHs7G_syI
19-2 Viruses replicate only in host cells.
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Host range
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Prophage
Retroviruses
Reverse transcriptase
Retroviruses
Reverse transcriptase
Transduction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqK1CYYQIug
19-3 Prions are formidable pathogens.
 Prions
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=0h5Jd7sgQWY
Chapter 20 - Tools and Biotechnology
The curriculum framework expects that you be familiar with techniques of modern biotechnology
as well as know an example of a product of genetic engineering. Your teacher may not cover all
of the possibilities described in this chapter.
You must know:
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The terminology of biotechnology.
How plasmids are used in bacterial transformation to clone genes.
The key ideas that make PCR possible and applications of this technology.
How gel electrophoresis can be used to separate DNA fragments or protein molecules.
Information that can be determined from DNA gel results, such as fragment sizes and RFLP
analysis.
20-1 DNA sequencing and cloning are valuable tools in genetic engineering and biological
inquiry.
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Genetic engineering
Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA
Gene cloning
Plasmid
Restriction enzymes
Restriction Fragments
Sticky end
DNA ligase
Cloning vector
Acid hybridization
PCR
Gel electrophoresis
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Genomic library
cDNA library
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZW9zPdb_Bs0
 Needs more videos!
Be able to justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at
least two commonly used technologies. (LO 3.6) Investigation 8 is Bacterial Transformation and
Investigation 9 is Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA. Be sure that you be able to describe PCR.
The focus here is how the technology can be used in genetic manipulation, so carefully consider
applications of technology. Also, be able to discuss ethical implications of specific applications of
biotechnology.
20-2 Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function.
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DNA microarray assays
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNsThMNjKhM
20-3 Cloned organisms and stem cells are useful for basic research and other applications.
 Stem cells
 Embryonic stem cells
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=-yCIMk1x0Pk
20-4 The practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in many ways.
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Diagnosis of disease
Gene therapy
The production of pharmaceuticals
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Transgenic
Forensic applications
Environmental cleanup
Agricultural applications
Genetically modified
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/practical-applications-of-dnatechnology.html#lesson (only part of the video plays- transcript below video)
Chapter 21 - Genomes and Their Evolution
You must know:
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How prokaryotic genomes compare to eukaryotic genomes.
Applications of bioinformatics to medicine, evolution, and health.
The activity and role of transposable elements and retrotransposons generating genetic
diversity.
How evo-devo relates to our understanding of the evolution of genomes.
The role of homeotic genes and homeoboxes in developmental patterns and sequences.
21-2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
 Bioinformatics
 Couldn’t find video
Investigation 3 uses BLAST, a primary tool of bioinformatics. If you did not do this investigation
review the information about it on p. 302. Be sure to understand this powerful tool of modern
science!
21-3 Genomes vary in size, numbers of genes, and gene density
21-4 Multicellular eukaryotes have much noncoding DNA and many multigene families
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Repetitive DNA
Transposable elements
Multigene families
www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ol492CLkdY
21-5 Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
21-6 Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
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Evo-devo
Homeotic
Homebox
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oqhe31kjlQM&feature=player_embedded
Hughes Interactive Animations Biotechnology Help
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Running a Virochip Experiment:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/running-virochip-experiment
Small-Molecule Microarrays:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/small-molecule-microarrays
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr
Genetic engineering:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/genetic-engineering
Polymerase chain reaction:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/polymerase-chain-reaction
Sanger method of DNA sequencing:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/sanger-method-dna-sequencing
Shotgun sequencing:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/shotgun-sequencing
Gene Chip Manufacturing:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/gene-chip-manufacturing
Microarrayer in action:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/microarrayer-action
Screening chemical libraries with robotics:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/screening-chemical-libraries-robotics
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Video:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/somatic-cell-nuclear-transfer-video
Dengue Virus Life Cycle:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dengue-virus-life-cycle
HIV Life Cycle:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/hiv-life-cycle
Howard Hughes Interactive Virtual Labs
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Bacterial Identification:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/bacterial-identification-virtual-lab
Transgenic Fly:
o http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/transgenic-fly-virtual-lab
Infectious Diseases Resource
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http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/explore-infectious-diseases
Classroom Activity
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http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/classroom-resource-west-nile-virus-vectors-andhosts-game