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Physics 115 “Physics for FUTURE LEADERS” Prof. Paul Steinhardt Princeton in the Nation’s Service Woodrow Wilson, 1896 Need A-B-C-D Cards Quantum Revelation1: Sometimeslightbehaveslikeawave.... Sometimeslightbehaveslikeaparticle.... Butneverbothatthesametime! Quantum Revelation2: ThesepropertiesdonotapplyONLYtolight! QuantumRevelation3: Wecanonlysaywhereanelectron(orphotonor...)PROBABLYIS F(x) F(x) x x F2(x) F2(x) x x The End of Determinism Individual photon or electron QuantumRevelation4: Impossibletodeterminesimultaneouslybothposition andmomentumofparticlesimultaneouslywithhighprecision “HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple” . (mv)>h Δ xΔ h=6.6x10-34 Joule-s QuantumRevelation4: Impossibletodeterminesimultaneouslybothposition andmomentumofparticlesimultaneouslywithhighprecision “HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple” . (mv)>h Δ xΔ h=6.6x10-34 Joule-s Note:Somepeoplethinkofthewidthfothewavefunctionasbeingthesize oftheparticle. Ifso,particlesdonothaveaninherent“size”.Theyarewave-likeandspreadoutaccording totheir“container”(forces)-- anelectroncanbemicroscopic(withuncertainmomentum) Orgigantic(withcertainmomentum) Whydoatomsexist? Anorbitingelectronisalways oscillatingbackandforth Andalwaysaccelerating QuantumRevelation5: Quantahavespin&thespincanonlytakediscretevalues Lightquanta(photons)and1unitofspin(bydefinition) Quantawith1,2,3,….orzerounitsofspin liketoclumpinidenticalstates Electronshave½unitofspin Quantawith½,3/2,5/2,….unitsofspin canneverbeinidenticalstates QuantumRevelation6: Inmacroscopicobjects,manyquantacanactlike incoherent combinationofwaves (e.g.likerandomlymovingelectronsinabaseball atfinitetemperature) inwhichcasethebehaviorislikeNewton/Einstein OR Coherently,inwhichcasequantumweirdness Isapparentonvisiblescales (lasers/superconductors) QuantumRevelation7: Electrons(orparticlesorpeople...)canpass throughsolidwalls?? QuantumRevelation7: Electrons(orparticlesorpeople...)canpass throughsolidwalls?? - Electroncanhavewavelikeproperties QuantumRevelation7: Electrons(orparticlesorpeople...)canpass throughsolidwalls?? - Electroncanhavewavelikeproperties - Wallsarenotsolid:theyaremostlyemptyspace QuantumRevelation7: Electrons(orparticlesorpeople...)canpass throughsolidwalls?? - Electroncanhavewavelikeproperties - Wallsarenotsolid:theyaremostlyemptyspace U 238 238 92 92 234 90 Th Nucleararithmetic: Totalnumberofnucleonsisconserved: 238=====>234+4 Totalchargeisconserved: 92=====>90+2 CCDs(cameras) 1)Wave-particledualityofphotons Semi-conductor 2)Wave-particledualityforelectrons Transistor,light-emittingdiodes(LEDs),cell-phones,ipads,internet… Quantumcomputers 3)Canonlysaywherequanta probably are Quantumcryptography 4)Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple Lasers& Superconductors Tunnelingmicroscope 5&6)Quantumspin/coherence 7)Quantumtunneling Quantum Revelations Relativity Revelation