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quantum computing
quantum computing

Exact Results for Thermodynamics of the Hydrogen Plasma
Exact Results for Thermodynamics of the Hydrogen Plasma

QUANTUM COMPUTING
QUANTUM COMPUTING

... Historically, the fundamental principles of physics rst concerned the problems of matterwhat things are made of and how they move. Later, the problems of energy started to be reected in the leading principles of physicshow energy is created, expressed and transformed. As the next stage an altern ...
The Rare Two-Dimensional Materials with Dirac Cones
The Rare Two-Dimensional Materials with Dirac Cones

from its mathematical description to its experimental
from its mathematical description to its experimental

Quantum conditional probability - E
Quantum conditional probability - E

introduction to quantum computing 1.
introduction to quantum computing 1.

Introduction to Lattice Field Theory
Introduction to Lattice Field Theory

Ph125: Quantum Mechanics
Ph125: Quantum Mechanics

Injection/Extraction
Injection/Extraction

... efficiency). This does not only involve putting the injected particles on to the beam path of the machine but also involves getting these particles trapped in the machine acceptances (transverses and longitudinal) so that they can be stored or further accelerated.  The specific case of the cyclotro ...
Particle Detectors in Curved Space Quantum Field Theory
Particle Detectors in Curved Space Quantum Field Theory

Ph125: Quantum Mechanics
Ph125: Quantum Mechanics

Wave_particle_duality\key Wave particle duality
Wave_particle_duality\key Wave particle duality

Quantum Information Meets Quantum Matter
Quantum Information Meets Quantum Matter

Information measures, entanglement and quantum evolution Claudia Zander
Information measures, entanglement and quantum evolution Claudia Zander

Modality and speech acts: troubled by German ruhig
Modality and speech acts: troubled by German ruhig

The Oscillating Neutrino
The Oscillating Neutrino

- Sussex Research Online
- Sussex Research Online

Lecture Notes for Physics 229: Quantum Information and Computation
Lecture Notes for Physics 229: Quantum Information and Computation

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics
Introduction to Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

... Following Shannon [1, 2], the entropy function σ (p1 , p2 , ..., pN ) can be alternatively defined as follows: 1. σ (p1 , p2 , ..., pN ) is a continuous function of its arguments p1 , p2 , ..., pN . 2. If all probabilities are equal, namely if p1 = p2 = ... = pN = 1/N, then the quantity Λ (N ) = σ ( ...
Number Fluctuations and Phase Diffusion in a Bose
Number Fluctuations and Phase Diffusion in a Bose

power point - Space Plasma Physics
power point - Space Plasma Physics

... m is the azimuthal “quantum number” ...
Beyond the Standard Model
Beyond the Standard Model

Reconstruction of ttZ Events Using Kinematic Likelihood Fits at the
Reconstruction of ttZ Events Using Kinematic Likelihood Fits at the

Macroscopic Local Realism: How Do We Define It and Is It
Macroscopic Local Realism: How Do We Define It and Is It

1 2 3 4 5 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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