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Compendium of Theoretical Physics
Compendium of Theoretical Physics

Measurement of 100 nm and 60 nm Particle
Measurement of 100 nm and 60 nm Particle

Charge degrees of freedom on the kagome lattice
Charge degrees of freedom on the kagome lattice

... Fractionally charged excitations in these models appear in the presence of strong short-range correlations at particular band fillings, in both 3D (e.g. pyrochlore) and 2D (e.g. kagome and checkerboard lattices). These lattices are presented in Fig. 1.1. The excitations with fractional charges can b ...
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... with Harriet opened my mind to a world full of possibilities. Finding the courage to step through a door into an unfamiliar world is always difficult. When it’s your first of these doors, sometimes it takes a bit of a nudge to take that step. Harriet provided something more like a healthy shove, and ...
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The Large Hadron Collider - the World`s Largest Microscope

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... measurement a sequence. This difference to the standard version does not matter at this point (since the observables in any row or column commute), but it will become important below. The PM inequality is of special interest for our program since it is violated up to the algebraic maximum with four- ...
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Development of a Glass Resistive Plate Chamber for the Phase

... Particle physics is one of the branches in physics where new discoveries are being made, trying to understand how nature works at small scales. In order to understand the nature of subatomic particles various experiments have been conducted to confirm theoretical explanations of particle interaction ...
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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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